1. The term “pathophysiology” refers to:
a) The study of disease prevention
b) The study of how disease processes affect the body
c) The study of normal body functions
d) The study of pharmacology
Answer: b) The study of how disease processes affect the body
2. Which of the following is a common symptom of inflammation?
a) Fever
b) Nausea
c) Diarrhea
d) Constipation
Answer: a) Fever
3. In diabetes mellitus, the primary defect is in:
a) Insulin production
b) Liver function
c) Kidney filtration
d) Red blood cell production
Answer: a) Insulin production
4. Which of the following is a hallmark of cancer cells?
a) Normal cell division
b) Apoptosis
c) Uncontrolled cell growth
d) Cell differentiation
Answer: c) Uncontrolled cell growth
5. The term “ischemia” refers to:
a) Excessive bleeding
b) Inadequate blood supply to tissues
c) Inflammation of tissues
d) Overproduction of hormones
Answer: b) Inadequate blood supply to tissues
6. The main feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is:
a) Progressive lung inflammation
b) Sudden onset of symptoms
c) High blood pressure
d) Hyperglycemia
Answer: a) Progressive lung inflammation
7. In anaphylaxis, the main type of hypersensitivity reaction involved is:
a) Type I
b) Type II
c) Type III
d) Type IV
Answer: a) Type I
8. Which condition is characterized by the presence of antibodies against one’s own tissues?
a) Autoimmune disease
b) Infectious disease
c) Metabolic disorder
d) Genetic disorder
Answer: a) Autoimmune disease
9. The primary cause of atherosclerosis is:
a) Bacterial infection
b) High cholesterol levels
c) Genetic mutation
d) Autoimmune response
Answer: b) High cholesterol levels
10. In heart failure, which of the following is commonly seen?
a) Decreased cardiac output
b) Increased blood volume
c) Decreased peripheral resistance
d) Decreased blood pressure
Answer: a) Decreased cardiac output
11. The term “edema” refers to:
a) Dehydration
b) Fluid accumulation in tissues
c) Increased blood sugar levels
d) Low blood pressure
Answer: b) Fluid accumulation in tissues
12. Which of the following is a common sign of liver cirrhosis?
a) Jaundice
b) Bradycardia
c) Polyuria
d) Hyperglycemia
Answer: a) Jaundice
13. In acute renal failure, which electrolyte imbalance is most commonly observed?
a) Hyperkalemia
b) Hypocalcemia
c) Hypernatremia
d) Hypomagnesemia
Answer: a) Hyperkalemia
14. Which type of cancer is commonly associated with smoking?
a) Lung cancer
b) Breast cancer
c) Prostate cancer
d) Skin cancer
Answer: a) Lung cancer
15. The primary pathological change in rheumatoid arthritis is:
a) Bone erosion
b) Cartilage degeneration
c) Muscle atrophy
d) Nerve damage
Answer: b) Cartilage degeneration
16. The term “hypertension” refers to:
a) High blood glucose
b) Low blood pressure
c) High blood pressure
d) Normal blood pressure
Answer: c) High blood pressure
17. In chronic kidney disease, which of the following is a common complication?
a) Hyperphosphatemia
b) Hyperglycemia
c) Hypocalcemia
d) Hypokalemia
Answer: a) Hyperphosphatemia
18. The presence of ketones in the urine is indicative of:
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Liver cirrhosis
c) Heart failure
d) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Answer: a) Diabetes mellitus
19. Which of the following is a common symptom of hyperthyroidism?
a) Weight loss
b) Weight gain
c) Bradycardia
d) Constipation
Answer: a) Weight loss
20. The primary cause of peptic ulcer disease is:
a) Viral infection
b) Bacterial infection
c) Autoimmune disorder
d) Genetic mutation
Answer: b) Bacterial infection
21. In which type of diabetes is insulin resistance the main problem?
a) Type 1 diabetes
b) Type 2 diabetes
c) Gestational diabetes
d) Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)
Answer: b) Type 2 diabetes
22. Which of the following is a common sign of dehydration?
a) Edema
b) Increased thirst
c) Weight gain
d) Low blood pressure
Answer: b) Increased thirst
23. The term “neoplasia” refers to:
a) Normal cell growth
b) Abnormal cell growth
c) Inflammation of tissues
d) Normal tissue repair
Answer: b) Abnormal cell growth
24. In the context of stroke, “ischemic” refers to:
a) Bleeding in the brain
b) A blockage of blood flow to the brain
c) A genetic mutation
d) A bacterial infection
Answer: b) A blockage of blood flow to the brain
25. The primary treatment for a myocardial infarction (heart attack) is:
a) Anticoagulants
b) Antihypertensives
c) Diuretics
d) Antibiotics
Answer: a) Anticoagulants
26. In which condition is hyperuricemia commonly observed?
a) Gout
b) Cystic fibrosis
c) Asthma
d) Crohn’s disease
Answer: a) Gout
27. The most common cause of pneumonia is:
a) Viral infection
b) Fungal infection
c) Bacterial infection
d) Parasitic infection
Answer: c) Bacterial infection
28. In which disease is a “butterfly rash” a common symptom?
a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
b) Psoriasis
c) Eczema
d) Rosacea
Answer: a) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
29. The primary cause of chronic bronchitis is:
a) Viral infection
b) Exposure to cigarette smoke
c) Allergic reactions
d) Autoimmune disease
Answer: b) Exposure to cigarette smoke
30. The term “hypoglycemia” refers to:
a) High blood sugar levels
b) Low blood sugar levels
c) Normal blood sugar levels
d) High blood pressure
Answer: b) Low blood sugar levels
31. In which type of hepatitis is the main transmission route through contaminated food or water?
a) Hepatitis A
b) Hepatitis B
c) Hepatitis C
d) Hepatitis D
Answer: a) Hepatitis A
32. The main pathological change in osteoarthritis is:
a) Joint inflammation
b) Cartilage degeneration
c) Bone erosion
d) Muscle weakness
Answer: b) Cartilage degeneration
33. In which condition is the “Charcot’s triad” commonly observed?
a) Multiple sclerosis
b) Parkinson’s disease
c) Gallbladder disease
d) Alzheimer’s disease
Answer: c) Gallbladder disease
34. The primary treatment for hyperthyroidism is:
a) Radioactive iodine therapy
b) Antidiuretic hormone
c) Insulin therapy
d) Antibiotics
Answer: a) Radioactive iodine therapy
35. In which type of shock is fluid loss the primary cause?
a) Septic shock
b) Cardiogenic shock
c) Hypovolemic shock
d) Anaphylactic shock
Answer: c) Hypovolemic shock
36. The primary feature of cystic fibrosis is:
a) Excessive mucous production
b) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
c) Defective hemoglobin synthesis
d) High blood pressure
Answer: a) Excessive mucous production
37. Which of the following is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI)?
a) Dehydration
b) Diabetes mellitus
c) Chronic hypertension
d) Hyperthyroidism
Answer: a) Dehydration
38. The term “dyspnea” refers to:
a) Chest pain
b) Shortness of breath
c) Edema
d) Nausea
Answer: b) Shortness of breath
39. Which type of anemia is characterized by a deficiency of vitamin B12?
a) Iron-deficiency anemia
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Pernicious anemia
d) Aplastic anemia
Answer: c) Pernicious anemia
40. The primary cause of chronic sinusitis is:
a) Viral infection
b) Bacterial infection
c) Allergic reactions
d) Fungal infection
Answer: c) Allergic reactions
41. The most common type of skin cancer is:
a) Melanoma
b) Squamous cell carcinoma
c) Basal cell carcinoma
d) Kaposi’s sarcoma
Answer: c) Basal cell carcinoma
42. The term “sepsis” refers to:
a) A localized infection
b) A systemic inflammatory response to infection
c) A genetic disorder
d) An allergic reaction
Answer: b) A systemic inflammatory response to infection
43. In which condition is a “pancytopenia” observed?
a) Leukemia
b) Sickle cell anemia
c) Thalassemia
d) Multiple myeloma
Answer: a) Leukemia
44. The most common cause of peptic ulcers is:
a) H. pylori infection
b) Viral infection
c) Autoimmune response
d) Stress
Answer: a) H. pylori infection
45. The primary feature of Graves’ disease is:
a) Hypothyroidism
b) Hyperthyroidism
c) Adrenal insufficiency
d) Diabetes mellitus
Answer: b) Hyperthyroidism
46. The term “osteoporosis” refers to:
a) Decreased bone density
b) Increased bone density
c) Joint inflammation
d) Muscle weakness
Answer: a) Decreased bone density
47. In which condition is “JVD” (jugular venous distention) commonly observed?
a) Congestive heart failure
b) Asthma
c) Pneumonia
d) Peptic ulcer disease
Answer: a) Congestive heart failure
48. Which of the following is a common cause of chronic gastritis?
a) H. pylori infection
b) Viral infection
c) Autoimmune disorder
d) Genetic mutation
Answer: a) H. pylori infection
49. The primary cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is:
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Hypertension
c) Glomerulonephritis
d) Polycystic kidney disease
Answer: a) Diabetes mellitus
50. In which condition is a “Kussmaul’s breathing” pattern observed?
a) Diabetic ketoacidosis
b) Asthma
c) Chronic bronchitis
d) Pneumonia
Answer: a) Diabetic ketoacidosis
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