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1. What is the primary purpose of research in nursing?
(A) To confirm existing practices
(B) To maintain hospital records
(C) To increase patient load
(D) To identify and solve clinical problems

2. Which type of research is designed to test hypotheses and establish cause-and-effect relationships?
(A) Descriptive research
(B) Exploratory research
(C) Qualitative research
(D) Experimental research

3. What is a hypothesis?
(A) A detailed description of a study's procedures
(B) A testable prediction about the relationship between variables
(C) The method used to collect data
(D) The literature review

4. Which research method involves the collection of numerical data?
(A) Qualitative research
(B) Exploratory research
(C) Quantitative research
(D) Descriptive research

5. What does the term “sample” refer to in research?
(A) The entire population being studied
(B) The researcher's personal opinions
(C) A subset of individuals selected from the population
(D) The methods used to collect data

6. What is the primary goal of descriptive research?
(A) To establish cause-and-effect relationships
(B) To test theories
(C) To describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon
(D) To make predictions

7. In which type of research design is random assignment used?
(A) Observational research
(B) Experimental research
(C) Case study
(D) Correlational research

8. What is an independent variable?
(A) A variable that is irrelevant to the research
(B) A variable that is observed or measured in response to changes
(C) A variable that remains constant throughout the study
(D) A variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher

9. What is the purpose of a literature review in research?
(A) To collect data
(B) To identify existing research and gaps in knowledge
(C) To present the study results
(D) To develop a hypothesis

10. What is a cross-sectional study?
(A) A study that collects data from multiple sources
(B) A study that follows participants over a long period
(C) A study that examines data at a single point in time
(D) A study that involves random assignment

11. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research?
(A) Uses numerical data
(B) Focuses on statistical analysis
(C) Tests hypotheses
(D) Explores meanings and experiences

12. What is a case-control study?
(A) A study that involves random assignment
(B) A study that follows participants over time
(C) A study that compares individuals with a specific condition to those without it
(D) A study that collects data from surveys

13. What is the purpose of using control groups in experimental research?
(A) To ensure random selection of participants
(B) To provide qualitative data
(C) To increase the sample size
(D) To compare the effects of the independent variable

14. What is the primary advantage of longitudinal research?
(A) It collects data at a single point in time
(B) It involves random assignment
(C) It allows for the observation of changes over time
(D) It is less expensive than cross-sectional studies

15. What does “informed consent” mean in research ethics?
(A) Participants are fully aware of the nature, risks, and benefits of the study
(B) Participants agree to participate without understanding the study
(C) Researchers withhold information from participants
(D) Participants are paid for their participation

16. What is a “confounding variable”?
(A) A variable that is intentionally manipulated in the study
(B) A variable that is used to compare results
(C) A variable that affects the outcome but is not controlled for
(D) A variable that remains constant throughout the study

17. What is the purpose of a random sample in research?
(A) To increase the study's budget
(B) To ensure that the sample represents the population
(C) To collect qualitative data
(D) To reduce the sample size

18. What is a qualitative research method?
(A) A method that uses statistical analysis to evaluate numerical data
(B) A method that uses random assignment
(C) A method that tests hypotheses with controlled variables
(D) A method that explores participants' perspectives and experiences

19. What is the difference between reliability and validity in research?
(A) Reliability refers to sample size; validity refers to statistical analysis
(B) Reliability refers to accuracy; validity refers to consistency
(C) Reliability and validity are the same
(D) Reliability refers to consistency; validity refers to accuracy

20. What does bias in research refer to?
(A) The use of random sampling methods
(B) The process of collecting data
(C) The influence of personal opinions or errors on research results
(D) The analysis of data

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