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1. What is Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?
(A) Practice based on personal experience
(B) Practice that integrates the best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values
(C) Practice based on the latest trends
(D) Practice based on historical methods

2. What are the three main components of EBP?
(A) Clinical trials, anecdotes, guidelines
(B) Research, historical data, expert opinion
(C) Research, clinical experience, patient preferences
(D) Clinical expertise, patient history, professional standards

3. What is the primary purpose of EBP in nursing?
(A) To enhance hospital revenue
(B) To standardize care for all patients
(C) To provide care based solely on tradition
(D) To improve patient outcomes and quality of care

4. What is the first step in the EBP process?
(A) Reviewing literature
(B) Evaluating outcomes
(C) Implementing the intervention
(D) Formulating a clinical question

5. What is a PICO(T) question?
(A) A question used to assess treatment effectiveness
(B) A structured framework for developing clinical questions
(C) A question used to determine study duration
(D) A question used to form a hypothesis

6. What does the acronym PICO(T) stand for?
(A) Patient, Issue, Comparison, Outcome, Test
(B) Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Observation, Treatment
(C) Population, Intervention, Control, Outcome, Type
(D) Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time

7. Which research study provides the highest level of evidence?
(A) Case report
(B) Cross-sectional study
(C) Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
(D) Cohort study

8. What is a systematic review?
(A) A review of historical data
(B) A review of patient case reports
(C) A review of a single study
(D) A review of multiple studies using a structured approach

9. What is the role of meta-analysis in EBP?
(A) To statistically combine results from multiple studies
(B) To review individual case studies
(C) To evaluate cost-effectiveness
(D) To assess patient satisfaction

10. What is the purpose of clinical practice guidelines?
(A) To replace individualized patient care
(B) To ensure identical treatment for all patients
(C) To offer evidence-based recommendations for practice
(D) To standardize care without flexibility

11. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?
(A) Qualitative uses numbers; quantitative explores experiences
(B) Qualitative is less reliable
(C) Qualitative explores meanings; quantitative uses numerical data
(D) Quantitative does not use statistics

12. How is evidence graded in EBP?
(A) By sample size
(B) By strength and quality of evidence
(C) By number of authors
(D) By study duration

13. What is the role of expert opinion in EBP?
(A) It is the strongest evidence
(B) It provides a lower level of evidence
(C) It replaces research evidence
(D) It is never used

14. What is an evidence hierarchy?
(A) A patient record system
(B) A method of outcome measurement
(C) A research database
(D) A ranking of evidence by methodological rigor

15. Which is a secondary source of evidence?
(A) Systematic reviews
(B) Randomized controlled trials
(C) Primary research articles
(D) Case studies

16. What is a randomized controlled trial (RCT)?
(A) A qualitative research study
(B) A study with random assignment to intervention or control groups
(C) A study reviewing existing research
(D) A cross-sectional study

17. What does “bias” in research refer to?
(A) Accurate outcome measurement
(B) Distortion of results due to systematic errors
(C) Randomization
(D) Statistical analysis

18. What is the primary aim of evidence-based guidelines?
(A) To replace clinical judgment
(B) To improve patient care using best evidence
(C) To focus only on clinical trials
(D) To ignore patient preferences

19. How can nurses incorporate EBP into practice?
(A) By avoiding new research
(B) By relying only on expert opinion
(C) By following tradition
(D) By integrating research, expertise, and patient preferences

20. What is a clinical question in EBP?
(A) A question during patient interviews
(B) A question guiding the search for evidence
(C) A cost-analysis question
(D) A satisfaction survey question

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