1. The primary function of the immune system is to: a) Regulate body temperature b) Protect the body from infections and diseases c) Digest food d) Produce hormones Answer: b) Protect the body from infections and diseases 2. Which type of immunity is acquired through vaccination? a) Passive immunity b) Innate immunity c) Active immunity d) Natural immunity Answer: c) Active immunity 3. The immune system’s first line of defense includes: a) White blood cells b) Skin and mucous membranes c) Antibodies d) T lymphocytes Answer: b) Skin and mucous membranes 4. Antibodies are produced by which type of cells? a) T cells b) B cells c) Macrophages d) Neutrophils Answer: b) B cells 5. The term “antigen” refers to: a) A substance that triggers an immune response b) A cell that produces antibodies c) A type of white blood cell d) An organ involved in immune response Answer: a) A substance that triggers an immune response 6. What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response? a) Destroy infected cells b) Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies c) Remove pathogens through phagocytosis d) Produce antibodies Answer: b) Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies 7. The immune response that involves memory cells is known as: a) Innate immunity b) Humoral immunity c) Cell-mediated immunity d) Adaptive immunity Answer: d) Adaptive immunity 8. Which type of immunity is provided by maternal antibodies transferred through the placenta? a) Active immunity b) Passive immunity c) Artificial immunity d) Innate immunity Answer: b) Passive immunity 9. Vaccines work by: a) Destroying pathogens directly b) Stimulating the immune system to produce an immune response c) Providing immediate immunity without activation of the immune system d) Eliminating pathogens from the body Answer: b) Stimulating the immune system to produce an immune response 10. The term “autoimmune disease” refers to: a) A disease caused by an external pathogen b) A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own cells c) A disease prevented by vaccination d) A disease treated by antibiotics Answer: b) A disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own cells 11. Which of the following is an example of an autoimmune disease? a) Influenza b) Tuberculosis c) Rheumatoid arthritis d) Hepatitis B Answer: c) Rheumatoid arthritis 12. The primary purpose of immunization programs is to: a) Treat existing infections b) Prevent the occurrence of diseases c) Cure chronic diseases d) Promote personal hygiene Answer: b) Prevent the occurrence of diseases 13. The type of vaccine that contains weakened or inactivated pathogens is called: a) Live attenuated vaccine b) Inactivated vaccine c) Subunit vaccine d) Toxoid vaccine Answer: a) Live attenuated vaccine 14. The process of “herd immunity” helps protect: a) Individuals with chronic illnesses b) Only vaccinated individuals c) The entire population by reducing the spread of disease d) People with weakened immune systems only Answer: c) The entire population by reducing the spread of disease 15. Which of the following is a type of white blood cell involved in the immune response? a) Erythrocyte b) Platelet c) Lymphocyte d) Neuron Answer: c) Lymphocyte 16. The “complement system” is involved in: a) Antibody production b) Phagocytosis c) Enhancing the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens d) Producing hormones Answer: c) Enhancing the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens 17. The term “immunocompromised” refers to: a) An individual with an overactive immune system b) An individual with a weakened immune system c) An individual with a strong immune system d) An individual who has been recently vaccinated Answer: b) An individual with a weakened immune system 18. The role of “macrophages” in the immune system is to: a) Produce antibodies b) Destroy infected cells c) Engulf and digest pathogens d) Produce hormones Answer: c) Engulf and digest pathogens 19. Which type of immunity is provided by the body’s natural response to an infection? a) Artificial immunity b) Innate immunity c) Passive immunity d) Active immunity Answer: d) Active immunity 20. “B cells” are responsible for: a) Directly killing infected cells b) Producing antibodies c) Stimulating T cells d) Engulfing pathogens Answer: b) Producing antibodies 21. “T cells” are primarily involved in: a) Producing antibodies b) Directly attacking infected or cancerous cells c) Engulfing pathogens d) Producing hormones Answer: b) Directly attacking infected or cancerous cells 22. The term “immunization” refers to: a) The process of becoming immune to a disease b) The treatment of existing infections c) The procedure for diagnosing diseases d) The process of creating a new vaccine Answer: a) The process of becoming immune to a disease 23. Which type of vaccine contains only a part of the pathogen, such as a protein or polysaccharide? a) Inactivated vaccine b) Subunit vaccine c) Toxoid vaccine d) Live attenuated vaccine Answer: b) Subunit vaccine 24. “Cytokines” are: a) Types of white blood cells b) Chemical messengers that help regulate the immune response c) Pathogens that cause infections d) Antibodies produced by B cells Answer: b) Chemical messengers that help regulate the immune response 25. “Antigen-presenting cells” (APCs) are important for: a) Directly killing pathogens b) Producing antibodies c) Presenting antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response d) Producing cytokines Answer: c) Presenting antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response 26. The term “immunity” refers to: a) The ability of the body to resist disease b) The presence of pathogens in the body c) The process of healing wounds d) The production of hormones Answer: a) The ability of the body to resist disease 27. “Immunoglobulins” are another term for: a) Antibodies b) White blood cells c) Pathogens d) Antigens Answer: a) Antibodies 28. Which of the following is a function of the spleen in the immune system? a) Producing insulin b) Filtering blood and removing pathogens c) Producing hormones d) Storing nutrients Answer: b) Filtering blood and removing pathogens 29. The “blood-brain barrier” helps protect the brain from: a) Bloodborne pathogens b) Hormonal imbalances c) Nutritional deficiencies d) Temperature fluctuations Answer: a) Bloodborne pathogens 30. “Toleration” in immunology refers to: a) The immune system’s ability to recognize and attack foreign substances b) The process by which the immune system avoids attacking the body’s own cells c) The development of new immune cells d) The ability of the body to tolerate extreme temperatures Answer: b) The process by which the immune system avoids attacking the body’s own cells 31. The “lymphatic system” is important for: a) Transporting oxygen to tissues b) Removing waste products from the body c) Filtering and transporting lymph and supporting the immune system d) Regulating body temperature Answer: c) Filtering and transporting lymph and supporting the immune system 32. “Active immunity” can be achieved through: a) Receiving antibodies from another person b) Receiving a vaccination c) Using antiseptics d) Receiving immune globulin injections Answer: b) Receiving a vaccination 33. The “innate immune system” includes: a) Specific immune responses to pathogens b) General, non-specific defenses like skin and mucous membranes c) Memory cells for long-term immunity d) Production of antibodies by B cells Answer: b) General, non-specific defenses like skin and mucous membranes 34. Which of the following is a characteristic of “adaptive immunity”? a) Immediate and non-specific response b) Long-term and specific response c) No memory of previous infections d) General defense mechanisms Answer: b) Long-term and specific response 35. The “humoral immune response” involves: a) The production of antibodies by B cells b) The direct killing of infected cells by T cells c) The activation of complement proteins d) The production of cytokines Answer: a) The production of antibodies by B cells 36. “Memory cells” are important for: a) Recognizing and responding more effectively to pathogens previously encountered b) Engulfing and digesting pathogens c) Producing antibodies d) Stimulating T cells Answer: a) Recognizing and responding more effectively to pathogens previously encountered 37. “Cytotoxic T cells” are responsible for: a) Producing antibodies b) Engulfing pathogens c) Directly attacking and killing infected or cancerous cells d) Producing hormones Answer: c) Directly attacking and killing infected or cancerous cells 38. “Monocytes” are a type of: a) Red blood cell b) White blood cell c) Antibody d) Platelet Answer: b) White blood cell 39. The “major histocompatibility complex” (MHC) is essential for: a) Blood clotting b) Hormone regulation c) Immune system functioning, particularly in antigen presentation d) Oxygen transport Answer: c) Immune system functioning, particularly in antigen presentation 40. Which of the following is a “primary lymphoid organ”? a) Spleen b) Thymus c) Lymph nodes d) Tonsils Answer: b) Thymus

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