Therapeutic Interventions MCQs

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1. Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of psychological research?
(A) To diagnose psychological disorders
(B) To manipulate behavior and mental processes
(C) To predict behavior and mental processes
(D) To describe behavior and mental processes

2. A researcher interested in studying cause-and-effect relationships would most likely use which research method?
(A) Correlational
(B) Experimental
(C) Descriptive
(D) Case study

3. The independent variable in an experiment is:
(A) The variable that is manipulated by the researcher
(B) The outcome variable of interest
(C) The variable that is measured to assess its effects
(D) The variable that remains constant throughout the experiment

4. Random assignment in an experiment helps to:
(A) Minimize the effects of confounding variables
(B) Ensure participants are similar in characteristics
(C) Control for experimenter bias
(D) Increase the likelihood of statistically significant results

5. Surveys are particularly useful in psychological research for:
(A) Gathering large amounts of data quickly
(B) Exploring complex relationships between variables
(C) Establishing cause-and-effect relationships
(D) Reducing the likelihood of response bias

6. Informed consent involves:
(A) Ensuring participants are aware of study results beforehand
(B) Asking participants to guess the study's hypotheses
(C) Providing participants information about the study's purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits
(D) Paying participants for participation

7. Reliability refers to:
(A) The extent a measure assesses what it claims to
(B) The degree to which different researchers get the same result
(C) The generalizability of findings
(D) The consistency or stability of a measure over time

8. Validity refers to:
(A) The consistency between researchers
(B) The stability of a measure over time
(C) The degree to which a measure assesses what it claims to
(D) How widely the results can be applied

9. Ethical guidelines require researchers to:
(A) Manipulate results to support hypotheses
(B) Protect participants from physical and psychological harm
(C) Disclose all results regardless of relevance
(D) Exclude participants who do not conform

10. Naturalistic observation involves:
(A) Manipulating variables in a lab
(B) Applying statistical techniques to large datasets
(C) Using surveys to collect subjective data
(D) Studying behavior in its natural environment without intervention

11. Which is a disadvantage of case studies?
(A) Allows in-depth analysis
(B) Can explore unique phenomena
(C) Provides detailed data
(D) Limited generalizability

12. A correlational study examines:
(A) Relationships between two or more variables without manipulation
(B) Cause-and-effect relationships
(C) Single cases in detail
(D) Experimental effects

13. A longitudinal study:
(A) Examines differences across age groups at one point
(B) Manipulates variables for causal inference
(C) Follows the same participants over time
(D) Uses historical data only

14. Cross-sectional studies:
(A) Follow the same group over time
(B) Provide a snapshot of different age groups or populations at one time
(C) Measure causal effects
(D) Require random assignment

15. A quasi-experimental design:
(A) Lacks random assignment but compares groups
(B) Uses random assignment
(C) Only observes naturally occurring variables
(D) Is a descriptive study

16. Placebo effect refers to:
(A) Researcher expectations bias results
(B) Participants’ belief they are receiving treatment affects outcomes
(C) Natural recovery without treatment
(D) Use of multiple measures to assess outcomes

17. Double-blind studies:
(A) Only researchers are unaware
(B) Only participants are unaware
(C) Keep both participants and researchers unaware of conditions
(D) Assess participants multiple times

18. Independent variable is:
(A) The variable manipulated by the researcher
(B) The outcome variable
(C) Confounding variable
(D) The constant

19. Dependent variable is:
(A) The measure used to assess the effect
(B) The manipulated variable
(C) The extraneous variable
(D) The control variable

20. A confounding variable:
(A) Is intentionally manipulated
(B) Remains constant
(C) Measures outcome
(D) Influences both independent and dependent variables

21. Random sampling ensures:
(A) Equal representation and reduces sampling bias
(B) Consistency of measures
(C) Cause-and-effect relationships
(D) Controlled environment

22. Observational research involves:
(A) Manipulating variables
(B) Systematically observing without manipulation
(C) Collecting detailed self-reports
(D) Conducting experiments

23. Internal validity refers to:
(A) Generalizability of results
(B) Accuracy of cause-and-effect relationships
(C) Consistency of measures
(D) Statistical reliability

24. External validity refers to:
(A) Accurate measurement of variables
(B) Generalizability to other populations, settings, or times
(C) Controlling extraneous variables
(D) Replicability of study

25. Meta-analysis:
(A) Collects new data
(B) Combines and analyzes data from multiple studies
(C) Focuses on a single case
(D) Observes participants naturally

26. Convenience sampling:
(A) Randomly selects participants
(B) Snowballs participants through networks
(C) Targets specific criteria
(D) Uses participants who are readily available

27. Within-subjects design:
(A) Participants experience all experimental conditions
(B) Participants experience only one condition
(C) Participants are divided into groups
(D) Observational study

28. Between-subjects design:
(A) Participants experience all conditions
(B) Participants experience only one condition
(C) Observes over multiple time points
(D) Measures naturally occurring variables

29. A researcher using archival data is limited by:
(A) Ethics of new experiments
(B) Accuracy and completeness of existing records
(C) Generalizability to other populations
(D) Cost and time

30. Case study method is best for:
(A) Establishing causality
(B) Large-scale data collection
(C) Generalizing to populations
(D) In-depth exploration of unique cases

31. A researcher wants to study effects of a drug on anxiety using random assignment. The design is:
(A) Experimental
(B) Correlational
(C) Descriptive
(D) Observational

32. Cross-sectional studies are advantageous because:
(A) Study changes over time
(B) Allow causal inference
(C) Are less time-consuming than longitudinal studies
(D) Include random assignment

33. Longitudinal study disadvantage:
(A) Time-consuming and expensive
(B) Cannot track changes
(C) Provides snapshot of multiple groups
(D) Ensures random assignment

34. Reliability is assessed by:
(A) Control groups
(B) Ethical guidelines
(C) Sampling techniques
(D) Test-retest consistency

35. Validity ensures:
(A) Random assignment
(B) Accurate measurement of what is intended
(C) Placebo effect
(D) Large sample size

36. Experimental research allows:
(A) Causal inference
(B) Observation only
(C) Description of single cases
(D) Data collection from archives

37. Correlational research cannot determine:
(A) Relationships between variables
(B) Direction and strength of association
(C) Trends across samples
(D) Cause-and-effect

38. Pretest-posttest design is an example of:
(A) Experimental or quasi-experimental research
(B) Descriptive research
(C) Observational study
(D) Case study

39. Observational research data collection method:
(A) Surveys
(B) Archival research
(C) Experimental manipulation
(D) Naturalistic observation

40. Independent variable in caffeine experiment:
(A) Time of day
(B) Concentration levels
(C) Participant age
(D) Level of caffeine

41. Dependent variable in caffeine experiment:
(A) Level of caffeine
(B) Duration of study
(C) Participants’ concentration
(D) Experimental setting

42. Control group purpose:
(A) Manipulate the independent variable
(B) Provide baseline for comparison
(C) Increase sample size
(D) Ensure random assignment

43. Confounding variable example:
(A) Gender affecting both leadership style and outcomes
(B) Independent variable
(C) Dependent variable
(D) Control variable

44. Experimental study key characteristic:
(A) Observational only
(B) Random assignment and manipulation of independent variable
(C) Descriptive surveys
(D) Case study design

45. Quasi-experimental design example:
(A) Random assignment with control group
(B) Pretest-posttest without random assignment
(C) Observational study
(D) Archival study

46. Placebo is used to:
(A) Increase sample size
(B) Measure dependent variable
(C) Manipulate independent variable
(D) Control for expectation effects

47. Experimental design ensures:
(A) Measurement only
(B) Control over extraneous variables and causal inference
(C) Observation in natural settings
(D) Archival data analysis

48. Dependent variable example:
(A) Random assignment
(B) Level of intervention
(C) Age of participants
(D) Stress level measured in experiment

49. Internal validity ensures:
(A) Generalization to other populations
(B) Ethical compliance
(C) Accurate cause-and-effect conclusions
(D) Convenience sampling

50. External validity refers to:
(A) Accuracy of causal claims
(B) Generalizability to other populations and settings
(C) Measurement consistency
(D) Statistical significance

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