Which research design is characterized by manipulating one or more independent variables and measuring their effect on dependent variables? a) Correlational Design
b) Experimental Design
c) Descriptive Design
d) Observational Design
Answer: b) Experimental Design
What is the main advantage of using random assignment in an experimental study? a) It ensures that the sample is representative of the population.
b) It controls for extraneous variables and biases.
c) It guarantees that the results are statistically significant.
d) It increases the external validity of the study.
Answer: b) It controls for extraneous variables and biases.
In an experiment, which variable is manipulated by the researcher? a) Dependent Variable
b) Independent Variable
c) Confounding Variable
d) Control Variable
Answer: b) Independent Variable
Which term refers to a variable that may influence the outcome of an experiment but is not the variable of interest? a) Independent Variable
b) Dependent Variable
c) Confounding Variable
d) Control Variable
Answer: c) Confounding Variable
Which type of experimental design involves the same participants being tested under multiple conditions? a) Between-Subjects Design
b) Within-Subjects Design
c) Cross-Sectional Design
d) Longitudinal Design
Answer: b) Within-Subjects Design
In a double-blind experiment, who is unaware of the treatment conditions? a) Only the participants
b) Only the researchers
c) Both the participants and the researchers
d) The participants and the control group
Answer: c) Both the participants and the researchers
Which of the following is a measure of the extent to which an experiment accurately measures what it is intended to measure? a) Internal Validity
b) External Validity
c) Construct Validity
d) Statistical Validity
Answer: c) Construct Validity
What is the purpose of using a control group in an experiment? a) To ensure that the independent variable is manipulated
b) To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group
c) To increase the number of participants in the study
d) To manipulate the dependent variable
Answer: b) To provide a baseline for comparison with the experimental group
Which statistical test is commonly used to compare the means of two groups in an experimental study? a) Chi-Square Test
b) t-Test
c) ANOVA
d) Correlation
Answer: b) t-Test
Which research design involves studying the same group of participants over a long period of time? a) Cross-Sectional Design
b) Longitudinal Design
c) Experimental Design
d) Correlational Design
Answer: b) Longitudinal Design
In an experiment, what is the term for the variable that is measured to assess the effect of the independent variable? a) Independent Variable
b) Control Variable
c) Confounding Variable
d) Dependent Variable
Answer: d) Dependent Variable
Which type of validity refers to the extent to which the findings of an experiment can be generalized to other settings, populations, or times? a) Internal Validity
b) External Validity
c) Construct Validity
d) Statistical Validity
Answer: b) External Validity
What is the term for the process of assigning participants to different experimental conditions in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition? a) Random Sampling
b) Random Assignment
c) Stratified Sampling
d) Systematic Assignment
Answer: b) Random Assignment
Which experimental design involves exposing participants to only one level of the independent variable? a) Between-Subjects Design
b) Within-Subjects Design
c) Mixed-Design
d) Factorial Design
Answer: a) Between-Subjects Design
In an experiment, what is the term for variables that are kept constant to prevent them from affecting the outcome? a) Independent Variables
b) Dependent Variables
c) Confounding Variables
d) Control Variables
Answer: d) Control Variables
Which statistical test is used to analyze the differences between means of more than two groups? a) t-Test
b) ANOVA
c) Chi-Square Test
d) Correlation
Answer: b) ANOVA
Which type of bias occurs when participantsâ expectations influence their responses in a study? a) Experimenter Bias
b) Response Bias
c) Sampling Bias
d) Selection Bias
Answer: b) Response Bias
Which method involves observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without intervention? a) Experimental Method
b) Survey Method
c) Naturalistic Observation
d) Case Study Method
Answer: c) Naturalistic Observation
What is the term for the phenomenon where the act of measuring or observing a behavior alters the behavior itself? a) Observer Effect
b) Hawthorne Effect
c) Experimenter Effect
d) Measurement Effect
Answer: b) Hawthorne Effect
Which type of variable is manipulated in a study to observe its effect on another variable? a) Dependent Variable
b) Control Variable
c) Confounding Variable
d) Independent Variable
Answer: d) Independent Variable
In a factorial design, what does the term “interaction” refer to? a) The main effect of one independent variable
b) The effect of one independent variable on the dependent variable
c) The combined effect of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable
d) The effect of the dependent variable on the independent variable
Answer: c) The combined effect of two or more independent variables on the dependent variable
What is the term for a research design in which different groups are exposed to different levels of the independent variable at the same time? a) Between-Subjects Design
b) Within-Subjects Design
c) Cross-Sectional Design
d) Longitudinal Design
Answer: a) Between-Subjects Design
Which statistical concept refers to the likelihood that the results of a study occurred by chance? a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Significance
d) Generalizability
Answer: c) Significance
In experimental research, which term refers to a situation where an experimenterâs expectations or beliefs about the study affect the results? a) Experimenter Bias
b) Sampling Bias
c) Response Bias
d) Selection Bias
Answer: a) Experimenter Bias
Which term describes the extent to which an experiment measures what it is supposed to measure? a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Replicability
d) Generalizability
Answer: b) Validity
What is the primary purpose of a pilot study in experimental research? a) To test the hypotheses
b) To refine research methods and procedures
c) To analyze the final results
d) To recruit participants
Answer: b) To refine research methods and procedures
Which research method involves manipulating an independent variable and observing the effect on a dependent variable while controlling for other variables? a) Case Study
b) Survey
c) Experiment
d) Naturalistic Observation
Answer: c) Experiment
Which type of variable represents a variable that is affected by the independent variable and is used to measure the outcome of an experiment? a) Independent Variable
b) Control Variable
c) Confounding Variable
d) Dependent Variable
Answer: d) Dependent Variable
In a research study, what does “replicability” refer to? a) The ability to generalize findings to other settings
b) The ability to repeat the study and obtain similar results
c) The degree of measurement error in the study
d) The extent to which the results are statistically significant
Answer: b) The ability to repeat the study and obtain similar results
Which type of validity is concerned with the accuracy of a measure in capturing the intended construct? a) Internal Validity
b) External Validity
c) Construct Validity
d) Statistical Validity
Answer: c) Construct Validity
What is the term for a method where participants are observed in their natural environment without any interference from the researcher? a) Controlled Experiment
b) Naturalistic Observation
c) Laboratory Experiment
d) Survey Research
Answer: b) Naturalistic Observation
Which research method involves collecting data through structured questionnaires or interviews? a) Experimental Research
b) Survey Research
c) Case Study Research
d) Observational Research
Answer: b) Survey Research
Which technique is used to ensure that a sample is representative of the larger population? a) Convenience Sampling
b) Random Sampling
c) Purposive Sampling
d) Snowball Sampling
Answer: b) Random Sampling
What is the purpose of a control condition in an experiment? a) To test the effectiveness of a new treatment
b) To ensure that the treatment is applied consistently
c) To serve as a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition
d) To control for individual differences among participants
Answer: c) To serve as a baseline for comparison with the experimental condition
In experimental research, what is the role of a “placebo” condition? a) To control for the effects of experimental manipulation
b) To act as a control condition with no treatment
c) To increase participant expectations of treatment effects
d) To measure the effect of a different independent variable
Answer: b) To act as a control condition with no treatment
Which term refers to the consistency of a measure or experiment over time? a) Validity
b) Reliability
c) Sensitivity
d) Specificity
Answer: b) Reliability
What is the purpose of “blinding” participants in an experiment? a) To ensure that they do not know the hypothesis being tested
b) To reduce the experimenterâs bias
c) To ensure that all participants receive the same treatment
d) To measure the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
Answer: a) To ensure that they do not know the hypothesis being tested
Which type of experiment involves a manipulation of the independent variable in a controlled environment? a) Field Experiment
b) Laboratory Experiment
c) Natural Experiment
d) Quasi-Experiment
Answer: b) Laboratory Experiment
What does “statistical significance” indicate in experimental research? a) The practical importance of the results
b) The likelihood that the results are due to chance
c) The generalizability of the results
d) The reliability of the measurement tool
Answer: b) The likelihood that the results are due to chance
Which term describes a study in which the researcher has control over the independent variable and random assignment of participants to conditions? a) Observational Study
b) Experimental Study
c) Survey Study
d) Correlational Study
Answer: b) Experimental Study
Which type of validity assesses the degree to which study results are attributable to the manipulation of the independent variable? a) Construct Validity
b) Internal Validity
c) External Validity
d) Statistical Validity
Answer: b) Internal Validity
In which type of research design are participants assigned to different conditions by the researcher, with each condition representing a different level of the independent variable? a) Between-Subjects Design
b) Within-Subjects Design
c) Mixed-Design
d) Cross-Sectional Design
Answer: a) Between-Subjects Design
Which term refers to the accuracy with which an experiment measures the concept it is intended to measure? a) Internal Validity
b) Construct Validity
c) External Validity
d) Reliability
Answer: b) Construct Validity
Which design is used to evaluate the effects of an intervention when random assignment is not feasible? a) Experimental Design
b) Quasi-Experimental Design
c) Correlational Design
d) Observational Design
Answer: b) Quasi-Experimental Design
Which term describes the situation where participants are not aware of the group they are assigned to in an experiment? a) Single-Blind Design
b) Double-Blind Design
c) Triple-Blind Design
d) Open-Label Design
Answer: a) Single-Blind Design
Which research method involves detailed, in-depth analysis of an individual or group? a) Experimental Research
b) Case Study
c) Survey Research
d) Correlational Research
Answer: b) Case Study
In which design are all participants exposed to all conditions of the independent variable? a) Between-Subjects Design
b) Within-Subjects Design
c) Longitudinal Design
d) Cross-Sectional Design
Answer: b) Within-Subjects Design
Which statistical test is used to compare the variances of two or more groups? a) t-Test
b) ANOVA
c) Chi-Square Test
d) F-Test
Answer: d) F-Test
Which research design involves collecting data at one point in time from different age groups? a) Longitudinal Design
b) Cross-Sectional Design
c) Experimental Design
d) Quasi-Experimental Design
Answer: b) Cross-Sectional Design
Which concept refers to the process of ensuring that a study’s findings can be replicated by other researchers? a) Reliability
b) Validity
c) Generalizability
d) Replicability
Answer: d) Replicability