Cellular effects of radiation MCQs

What is the primary mechanism by which radiation causes cellular damage?
- a) DNA repair
- b) Ionization of atoms
- c) Protein synthesis
- d) Mitochondrial function
  Answer: b) Ionization of atoms
Which type of radiation is most damaging to cellular DNA?
- a) Alpha particles
- b) Beta particles
- c) Gamma rays
- d) X-rays
  Answer: a) Alpha particles
What is the main cellular target for radiation damage?
- a) Cell membrane
- b) Nucleus
- c) Cytoplasm
- d) Mitochondria
  Answer: b) Nucleus
Which cellular process can be activated in response to radiation-induced DNA damage?
- a) Apoptosis
- b) Mitosis
- c) Protein synthesis
- d) Glycolysis
  Answer: a) Apoptosis
What is the term for the death of cells due to severe radiation damage?
- a) Senescence
- b) Necrosis
- c) Apoptosis
- d) Autophagy
  Answer: b) Necrosis
Which of the following is a potential long-term effect of radiation exposure on cells?
- a) Enhanced repair mechanisms
- b) Genetic mutations
- c) Increased cell division
- d) Improved cellular function
  Answer: b) Genetic mutations
What cellular component is primarily affected by ionizing radiation?
- a) Lipids
- b) Proteins
- c) Nucleic acids
- d) Carbohydrates
  Answer: c) Nucleic acids
What is the phenomenon called when cells exhibit altered functions after radiation exposure?
- a) Radiation sickness
- b) Radioprotection
- c) Radiation hormesis
- d) Cellular transformation
  Answer: d) Cellular transformation
Which type of cell is generally more resistant to radiation damage?
- a) Germ cells
- b) Stem cells
- c) Neurons
- d) Epithelial cells
  Answer: c) Neurons
Which cellular repair mechanism is primarily responsible for fixing DNA double-strand breaks caused by radiation?
- a) Base excision repair
- b) Nucleotide excision repair
- c) Homologous recombination
- d) Non-homologous end joining
  Answer: d) Non-homologous end joining
What is the term for the radiation dose that causes 50% of the exposed population to die within a specified period?
- a) LD50
- b) ED50
- c) TD50
- d) ID50
  Answer: a) LD50
What effect does low-dose radiation have on cells in terms of their function?
- a) It always causes cell death
- b) It may stimulate cellular repair mechanisms
- c) It has no effect on cells
- d) It increases mutation rates significantly
  Answer: b) It may stimulate cellular repair mechanisms
What type of radiation is often used in cancer treatment due to its ability to damage tumor cells?
- a) Alpha radiation
- b) Beta radiation
- c) Gamma radiation
- d) Ultraviolet radiation
  Answer: c) Gamma radiation
Which phase of the cell cycle is most sensitive to radiation exposure?
- a) G1 phase
- b) S phase
- c) G2 phase
- d) M phase
  Answer: d) M phase
What cellular effect can occur if radiation causes mutations in proto-oncogenes?
- a) Cancer development
- b) Cell repair
- c) Normal cell function
- d) Apoptosis
  Answer: a) Cancer development
How does radiation exposure influence the cell cycle?
- a) It accelerates cell division
- b) It may induce cell cycle arrest
- c) It has no effect on the cell cycle
- d) It always leads to apoptosis
  Answer: b) It may induce cell cycle arrest
What is the primary method by which cells attempt to repair radiation-induced DNA damage?
- a) Mitosis
- b) Cell signaling
- c) DNA repair pathways
- d) Protein synthesis
  Answer: c) DNA repair pathways
Which of the following is a consequence of radiation exposure to healthy cells?
- a) Enhanced metabolic activity
- b) Increased immune response
- c) Inflammation and fibrosis
- d) Improved oxygen utilization
  Answer: c) Inflammation and fibrosis
Which type of radiation is least likely to penetrate human tissue?
- a) Gamma rays
- b) X-rays
- c) Alpha particles
- d) Beta particles
  Answer: c) Alpha particles
What is the acute radiation syndrome threshold dose for humans?
- a) 0.1 Gy
- b) 1 Gy
- c) 5 Gy
- d) 10 Gy
  Answer: b) 1 Gy
What role does reactive oxygen species (ROS) play in radiation-induced cellular effects?
- a) They enhance DNA repair
- b) They promote cell division
- c) They contribute to oxidative damage
- d) They have no effect on cells
  Answer: c) They contribute to oxidative damage
Which type of biological effect is primarily associated with high doses of radiation?
- a) Stochastic effects
- b) Deterministic effects
- c) Hormesis
- d) Immunosuppression
  Answer: b) Deterministic effects
What effect can radiation have on stem cells?
- a) They are completely unaffected
- b) They become more active
- c) They can be depleted or damaged
- d) They always develop into cancerous cells
  Answer: c) They can be depleted or damaged
Which cell type has the highest sensitivity to radiation?
- a) Muscle cells
- b) Nerve cells
- c) Lymphocytes
- d) Epithelial cells
  Answer: c) Lymphocytes
How do radiation-induced mutations affect future generations of cells?
- a) They have no impact
- b) They can lead to genetic diseases
- c) They improve cellular function
- d) They enhance DNA repair
  Answer: b) They can lead to genetic diseases
Which cellular component is primarily responsible for sensing DNA damage after radiation exposure?
- a) Ribosomes
- b) Mitochondria
- c) Checkpoint proteins
- d) Golgi apparatus
  Answer: c) Checkpoint proteins
What is the primary effect of radiation on cancer cells?
- a) They become immune to treatment
- b) They may undergo apoptosis
- c) They grow faster
- d) They stop dividing entirely
  Answer: b) They may undergo apoptosis
Which factor influences the cellular response to radiation?
- a) Cell type
- b) Radiation type
- c) Dose of radiation
- d) All of the above
  Answer: d) All of the above
What is the main reason that some tissues are more radioresistant than others?
- a) Higher oxygen levels
- b) Differences in cell cycle dynamics
- c) Increased nutrient availability
- d) Greater numbers of mitochondria
  Answer: b) Differences in cell cycle dynamics
What type of radiation is typically used for diagnostic imaging due to its penetrating ability?
- a) Alpha radiation
- b) Beta radiation
- c) Gamma radiation
- d) Ultraviolet radiation
  Answer: c) Gamma radiation

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