Sociology of the Environment MCQs

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1. What does the term “sociology of the environment” refer to?
(A) The study of environmental sciences
(B) The study of the relationship between society and the environment
(C) The study of environmental policies
(D) The study of environmental law

2. Which concept refers to the idea that human activities are interconnected with environmental processes?
(A) Environmental determinism
(B) Environmental sociology
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Human ecology

3. What does “environmental justice” focus on?
(A) Environmental conservation
(B) Fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens
(C) Economic development
(D) Technological advancements

4. Who is known for the concept of “environmental risk society”?
(A) Max Weber
(B) Karl Marx
(C) Ulrich Beck
(D) Emile Durkheim

5. Which theory suggests societal progress through technological improvements that benefit the environment?
(A) Environmental determinism
(B) Social constructionism
(C) Deep ecology
(D) Ecological modernization

6. What does “carrying capacity” refer to in environmental sociology?
(A) Maximum number of people sustained without degradation
(B) Maximum number of species supported
(C) Amount of available resources
(D) Level of pollution tolerated

7. Which concept emphasizes human values and beliefs in shaping environmental practices?
(A) Environmental risk society
(B) Ecofeminism
(C) Environmental determinism
(D) Social constructionism

8. What does “sustainable development” aim to achieve?
(A) Balance between economy, environment, and social equity
(B) Economic growth without environmental concern
(C) Rapid industrialization
(D) Increased resource consumption

9. Who introduced the concept of “social metabolism” in environmental sociology?
(A) Jason W. Moore
(B) Immanuel Wallerstein
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Bruno Latour

10. Which term describes how environmental problems are interpreted within cultural contexts?
(A) Environmental framing
(B) Environmental risk
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Environmental determinism

11. Which concept refers to the link between human actions and environmental outcomes?
(A) Environmental impact assessment
(B) Environmental determinism
(C) Environmental justice
(D) Human–environment interaction

12. What is the main focus of “deep ecology”?
(A) Technological solutions
(B) Economic growth
(C) Intrinsic value of all living beings
(D) Environmental regulations

13. Which belief links environmental degradation to social inequalities and power structures?
(A) Ecofeminism
(B) Environmental determinism
(C) Social constructionism
(D) Environmental risk society

14. What does “environmental risk” mean?
(A) Role of technology
(B) Pollution level
(C) Resource consumption rate
(D) Potential harm from environmental hazards

15. Which approach studies environmental issues through social, political, and cultural lenses?
(A) Human ecology
(B) Environmental sociology
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Environmental determinism

16. What does “environmentalism” advocate?
(A) Protection and conservation of nature
(B) Economic growth at any cost
(C) Only technological advancement
(D) Ignoring environmental issues

17. Which concept suggests technology can solve environmental issues without harming economic growth?
(A) Environmental determinism
(B) Social constructionism
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Deep ecology

18. Who developed the theory of “risk society”?
(A) Max Weber
(B) Michel Foucault
(C) Ulrich Beck
(D) Erving Goffman

19. What is the primary concern of environmental degradation?
(A) Deterioration of natural environments
(B) Reduced economic growth
(C) Increased technology
(D) Improved equity

20. Which concept views environmental issues as socially constructed?
(A) Ecofeminism
(B) Environmental determinism
(C) Social constructionism
(D) Human ecology

21. What is the focus of human ecology?
(A) Human–environment relationships
(B) Animal behavior
(C) Environmental technology
(D) Policy impacts

22. What does environmental determinism suggest?
(A) Environment shapes human behavior
(B) Humans shape the environment
(C) Issues are socially constructed
(D) Social structures guide policy

23. Which concept links environmental problems to social inequality?
(A) Environmental justice
(B) Human ecology
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Environmental determinism

24. What are socio-environmental systems?
(A) Integrated social and environmental processes
(B) Environmental regulations
(C) Technological solutions
(D) Social structures alone

25. Which approach examines social norms shaping environmental behavior?
(A) Environmental determinism
(B) Social constructionism
(C) Deep ecology
(D) Ecological modernization

26. What does environmental risk assessment involve?
(A) Evaluating impacts of environmental hazards
(B) Measuring economic benefits
(C) Assessing technology
(D) Studying cultural attitudes

27. Which concept studies industrialization’s impact on environment and society?
(A) Social constructionism
(B) Environmental determinism
(C) Human ecology
(D) Ecological modernization

28. Who introduced the concept of sustainable development?
(A) Michel Foucault
(B) Ulrich Beck
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Gro Harlem Brundtland

29. What is the main focus of eco-Marxism?
(A) Capitalism’s role in environmental degradation
(B) Technology in management
(C) Intrinsic value of nature
(D) Cultural beliefs

30. Which concept values local knowledge in environmental management?
(A) Social constructionism
(B) Ecological modernization
(C) Indigenous knowledge systems
(D) Risk society

31. What is social metabolism?
(A) Policy impacts
(B) Technological growth rate
(C) Urban expansion
(D) Flow of energy and materials between society and environment

32. Which theory studies interactions between society and ecosystems?
(A) Human ecology
(B) Social constructionism
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Environmental determinism

33. What is environmental activism?
(A) Technological promotion
(B) Industrial advocacy
(C) Efforts for environmental protection and justice
(D) Opposition to regulations

34. Which concept supports technology-based environmental solutions with economic growth?
(A) Deep ecology
(B) Ecological modernization
(C) Environmental determinism
(D) Social constructionism

35. What does environmental sociology study?
(A) Social processes and environmental issues
(B) Biological changes
(C) Economic impacts only
(D) Technological development

36. Which term relates to moral and legal aspects of environmental decisions?
(A) Environmental justice
(B) Environmental policy
(C) Environmental ethics
(D) Ecological modernization

37. What is adaptive management?
(A) Flexible strategies responding to change
(B) Fixed policy approach
(C) Purely technological solutions
(D) Risk construction

38. Who is associated with social-ecological systems theory?
(A) Elinor Ostrom
(B) Ulrich Beck
(C) Karl Marx
(D) Immanuel Wallerstein

39. What does eco-psychology focus on?
(A) Technology and mental health
(B) Environmental policy impacts
(C) Psychological relationship between humans and nature
(D) Risk perception

40. Which theory critiques modern industrial society’s environmental practices?
(A) Deep ecology
(B) Environmental determinism
(C) Ecological modernization
(D) Social constructionism

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