Environmental Geology MCQs

1. What is the study of the relationship between geological processes and the environment called? a) Environmental Geology b) Structural Geology c) Petrology d) Mineralogy Answer: a) Environmental Geology 2. Which of the following is a primary source of natural groundwater contamination? a) Industrial discharge b) Agricultural runoff c) Landfills d) Acid rain Answer: d) Acid rain 3. What type of rock is formed from the accumulation and compaction of sediment? a) Igneous rock b) Metamorphic rock c) Sedimentary rock d) Volcanic rock Answer: c) Sedimentary rock 4. What geological process is responsible for the formation of mountains? a) Erosion b) Sedimentation c) Plate tectonics d) Weathering Answer: c) Plate tectonics 5. Which of the following is a common method of mitigating landslides? a) Deforestation b) Building retaining walls c) Urbanization d) Increasing slope gradient Answer: b) Building retaining walls 6. What is the term for the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles by physical or chemical means? a) Erosion b) Weathering c) Sedimentation d) Metamorphism Answer: b) Weathering 7. Which type of rock is formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava? a) Sedimentary rock b) Metamorphic rock c) Igneous rock d) Biochemical rock Answer: c) Igneous rock 8. What is the term for the zone where groundwater is stored and transmitted through porous rock or sediment? a) Aquifer b) Aquiclude c) Water table d) Permeable layer Answer: a) Aquifer 9. Which of the following processes is a significant factor in the formation of sinkholes? a) Volcanic activity b) Erosion c) Groundwater dissolution d) Landslides Answer: c) Groundwater dissolution 10. What is the name for the geological phenomenon where rocks are folded or faulted due to tectonic forces? a) Sedimentation b) Lithification c) Deformation d) Erosion Answer: c) Deformation 11. Which of the following is a common method used to prevent soil erosion? a) Clearing vegetation b) Building terraces c) Increasing runoff d) Removing sediment Answer: b) Building terraces 12. What type of geological hazard involves the rapid movement of rock and soil down a slope? a) Earthquake b) Landslide c) Tsunami d) Volcanic eruption Answer: b) Landslide 13. Which rock type is characterized by layers or bands of minerals that have been changed by heat and pressure? a) Igneous rock b) Sedimentary rock c) Metamorphic rock d) Volcanic rock Answer: c) Metamorphic rock 14. What is the primary cause of groundwater depletion? a) Natural recharge b) Over-extraction for agriculture c) Geological activity d) Soil erosion Answer: b) Over-extraction for agriculture 15. What is the name for the underground layer of rock or sediment that holds and transmits water? a) Aquifer b) Aquiclude c) Water table d) Recharge zone Answer: a) Aquifer 16. Which geological hazard is often associated with volcanic activity and involves the flow of molten rock? a) Lava flow b) Landslide c) Tsunami d) Earthquake Answer: a) Lava flow 17. What is the term for the boundary where two tectonic plates meet? a) Fault line b) Rift zone c) Plate boundary d) Epicenter Answer: c) Plate boundary 18. Which of the following is a method used to assess soil contamination? a) Geophysical surveys b) Soil sampling c) Remote sensing d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above 19. What is the primary factor causing coastal erosion? a) Sediment deposition b) Wind c) Ocean waves d) Vegetation Answer: c) Ocean waves 20. Which of the following is a common source of non-point source pollution? a) Industrial discharge b) Agricultural runoff c) Wastewater treatment plants d) Landfills Answer: b) Agricultural runoff 21. What type of geological formation is characterized by a dome-shaped structure created by the upward movement of magma? a) Volcanic cone b) Basin c) Shield volcano d) Laccolith Answer: d) Laccolith 22. Which type of fault involves horizontal movement of rock layers? a) Normal fault b) Reverse fault c) Strike-slip fault d) Thrust fault Answer: c) Strike-slip fault 23. What is the term for the geological study of the Earth’s past climates and environments? a) Geomorphology b) Paleoclimatology c) Structural geology d) Petrology Answer: b) Paleoclimatology 24. Which of the following is a common method for stabilizing slopes and preventing landslides? a) Planting vegetation b) Building retaining walls c) Installing drainage systems d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above 25. What geological process is responsible for the formation of sedimentary rock layers? a) Cooling and solidification b) Erosion and deposition c) Heat and pressure d) Crystallization Answer: b) Erosion and deposition 26. What type of rock is formed from the accumulation of organic materials, such as plant debris? a) Igneous rock b) Sedimentary rock c) Metamorphic rock d) Plutonic rock Answer: b) Sedimentary rock 27. What is the term for the gradual wearing away of the Earth’s surface by wind, water, or ice? a) Weathering b) Erosion c) Deposition d) Lithification Answer: b) Erosion 28. Which of the following processes can contribute to the formation of a sinkhole? a) Surface runoff b) Soil erosion c) Dissolution of soluble rock d) Sediment deposition Answer: c) Dissolution of soluble rock 29. What type of geological hazard involves the sudden shaking of the ground due to tectonic activity? a) Tsunami b) Volcanic eruption c) Earthquake d) Landslide Answer: c) Earthquake 30. What is the term for the geological study of the Earth’s internal structure and the processes that shape it? a) Geophysics b) Geochemistry c) Structural geology d) Hydrogeology Answer: a) Geophysics 31. Which of the following is a consequence of excessive groundwater extraction? a) Aquifer recharge b) Land subsidence c) Increased soil fertility d) Improved water quality Answer: b) Land subsidence 32. What is the term for the study of the Earth’s physical features and processes, including landforms and soil? a) Geomorphology b) Geochemistry c) Petrology d) Environmental geology Answer: a) Geomorphology 33. Which of the following is a method for managing and mitigating flood risk? a) Building levees b) Clearing wetlands c) Removing vegetation d) Building more roads Answer: a) Building levees 34. What is the primary source of pollution from mining activities? a) Sediment runoff b) Greenhouse gases c) Heavy metals d) Plastic waste Answer: c) Heavy metals 35. What type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of molten magma below the Earth’s surface? a) Igneous rock b) Metamorphic rock c) Sedimentary rock d) Sedimentary rock Answer: a) Igneous rock 36. Which of the following is a major factor influencing coastal erosion? a) Sediment deposition b) Tidal ranges c) Coastal vegetation d) Wave action Answer: d) Wave action 37. What is the term for the process by which rocks are transformed from one type to another through heat and pressure? a) Metamorphism b) Erosion c) Sedimentation d) Weathering Answer: a) Metamorphism 38. What is the name for the geological process that involves the sinking of the Earth’s crust into the mantle? a) Subduction b) Uplift c) Extension d) Erosion Answer: a) Subduction 39. Which of the following can be an environmental impact of quarrying? a) Improved soil quality b) Habitat destruction c) Increased biodiversity d) Enhanced groundwater recharge Answer: b) Habitat destruction 40. What is the primary factor that drives the movement of tectonic plates? a) Wind currents b) Solar energy c) Convection currents in the mantle d) Ocean currents Answer: c) Convection currents in the mantle

Environmental Geology MCQs

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