1. Which scientist coined the term “Evo-Devo”?
a) Charles Darwin
b) Stephen Jay Gould
c) Richard Dawkins
d) Ernst Haeckel
Answer: b) Stephen Jay Gould
2. Evo-Devo studies the:
a) Evolution of developmental processes
b) Development of evolutionary theories
c) Physiology of ancient organisms
d) Behavioral adaptations of modern animals
Answer: a) Evolution of developmental processes
3. Which gene is often referred to as the master regulator of development in animals?
a) HOX genes
b) Pax6 gene
c) Sonic Hedgehog gene
d) Oct4 gene
Answer: a) HOX genes
4. What does the term “modularity” refer to in Evo-Devo?
a) The presence of modules in genetic networks
b) The adaptability of organisms to different environments
c) The development of limbs in animals
d) The interaction between genes and the environment
Answer: a) The presence of modules in genetic networks
5. The study of Evo-Devo suggests that changes in animal morphology are primarily due to changes in:
a) The genome
b) The environment
c) Behavioral adaptations
d) Predatory pressures
Answer: a) The genome
6. Which developmental process is responsible for the formation of different cell types from a single fertilized egg?
a) Differentiation
b) Patterning
c) Morphogenesis
d) Segmentation
Answer: a) Differentiation
7. Which animal model is extensively used in Evo-Devo research due to its simple body plan and rapid development?
a) Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
b) Mouse (Mus musculus)
c) Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
d) Frog (Xenopus laevis)
Answer: a) Fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster)
8. What is the significance of the “evo” aspect in Evo-Devo?
a) It emphasizes the importance of environmental factors in development
b) It focuses on the evolution of genetic mutations
c) It highlights the conservation of developmental genes across species
d) It examines how developmental processes have evolved over time
Answer: d) It examines how developmental processes have evolved over time
9. Which of the following is an example of a homeotic gene?
a) Pax6
b) Sonic Hedgehog
c) Notch
d) Wnt
Answer: a) Pax6
10. The process of apoptosis is essential in Evo-Devo because it:
a) Facilitates cell proliferation
b) Eliminates excess or unnecessary cells
c) Generates genetic mutations
d) Regulates gene expression
Answer: b) Eliminates excess or unnecessary cells
11. Evo-Devo studies have revealed that changes in which of the following can lead to morphological diversity in animals?
a) DNA sequence
b) Chromosomal number
c) Protein structure
d) Cellular respiration
Answer: a) DNA sequence
12. The process of “canalization” in Evo-Devo refers to:
a) The formation of canals in the nervous system
b) The regulation of developmental processes despite genetic or environmental variation
c) The evolution of new genetic pathways
d) The movement of animals through canals during development
Answer: b) The regulation of developmental processes despite genetic or environmental variation
13. Evo-Devo studies often focus on which developmental stage of animals?
a) Embryonic
b) Larval
c) Juvenile
d) Adult
Answer: a) Embryonic
14. What role do microRNAs play in Evo-Devo?
a) They regulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNA
b) They encode proteins involved in development
c) They control cell division during morphogenesis
d) They induce mutations in the genome
Answer: a) They regulate gene expression by binding to messenger RNA
15. The field of Evo-Devo emphasizes the importance of:
a) Nature over nurture in shaping animal development
b) Genetic determinism in evolutionary processes
c) The interaction between genes and the environment in shaping animal morphology
d) The role of chance mutations in driving evolution
Answer: c) The interaction between genes and the environment in shaping animal morphology
16. Which animal group has been studied extensively in Evo-Devo due to its diverse body plans and ecological roles?
a) Arthropods
b) Mammals
c) Birds
d) Amphibians
Answer: a) Arthropods
17. The concept of “deep homology” in Evo-Devo refers to:
a) Similarities in embryonic development among distantly related species
b) Differences in genetic sequences among closely related species
c) The role of homologous genes in determining adult morphology
d) The study of fossils to understand evolutionary relationships
Answer: a) Similarities in embryonic development among distantly related species
18. Evo-Devo research has contributed to our understanding of the evolution of which animal structure?
a) Wings in birds
b) Limbs in tetrapods
c) Fins in fish
d) Tails in mammals
Answer: b) Limbs in tetrapods
19. The study of Evo-Devo has implications for which scientific field?
a) Medicine
b) Chemistry
c) Astronomy
d) Geology
Answer: a) Medicine
20. Which Evo-Devo concept suggests that evolution proceeds through changes in the regulation of gene expression rather than changes in gene sequence?
a) Genetic assimilation
b) Developmental plasticity
c) Punctuated equilibrium
d) Genetic accommodation
Answer: d) Genetic accommodation
21. Evo-Devo research has revealed that changes in which type of genes are responsible for major evolutionary transitions?
a) Structural genes
b) Regulatory genes
c) Housekeeping genes
d) Transcription factors
Answer: b) Regulatory genes
22. Which phenomenon suggests that genes controlling early developmental processes are highly conserved across diverse species?
a) Genetic assimilation
b) Phenotypic plasticity
c) Evolutionary conservation
d) Developmental canalization
Answer: c) Evolutionary conservation
23. The role of “homeobox genes” in Evo-Devo is primarily related to:
a) Encoding proteins involved in DNA replication
b) Regulation of embryonic development
c) Control of cellular respiration
d) Synthesis of structural proteins
Answer: b) Regulation of embryonic development
24. Evo-Devo studies often involve comparisons between the developmental processes of:
a) Humans and chimpanzees
b) Vertebrates and invertebrates
c) Terrestrial and aquatic animals
d) Domesticated and wild species
Answer: b) Vertebrates and invertebrates
25. Which Evo-Devo concept suggests that evolutionary novelties can arise from changes in the timing or spatial distribution of gene expression during development?
a) Heterochrony
b) Heterotopy
c) Heterotypy
d) Homeosis
Answer: a) Heterochrony
26. The discovery of “regulatory gene networks” has enhanced our understanding of:
a) Metabolic pathways in animals
b) The evolution of mating behaviors
c) The role of hormones in development
d) The genetic basis of animal morphology
Answer: d) The genetic basis of animal morphology
27. The study of “developmental constraints” in Evo-Devo focuses on:
a) The role of mutations in driving evolutionary change
b) The limitations imposed by genetic and developmental processes on evolutionary pathways
c) The interaction between organisms and their environment during development
d) The preservation of ancient developmental genes across diverse species
Answer: b) The limitations imposed by genetic and developmental processes on evolutionary pathways
28. Which Evo-Devo concept suggests that genetic mutations that cause developmental abnormalities can also lead to evolutionary innovations?
a) Genetic assimilation
b) Developmental plasticity
c) Heterochrony
d) Heterotopy
Answer: a) Genetic assimilation
29. The “Bauplan” concept in Evo-Devo refers to:
a) The genetic blueprint for an organism’s body plan
b) The process of body segmentation in animals
c) The study of animal behavior during development
d) The evolution of animal mating rituals
Answer: a) The genetic blueprint for an organism’s body plan
30. Evo-Devo research has contributed to our understanding of which phenomenon observed in many animal species?
a) Social hierarchy
b) Adaptive radiation
c) Extinction events
d) Mass migration
Answer: b) Adaptive radiation
31. Which term refers to the process by which cells become specialized for specific functions during development?
a) Differentiation
b) Patterning
c) Morphogenesis
d) Segmentation
Answer: a) Differentiation
32. The process of “embryonic induction” in Evo-Devo refers to:
a) The formation of the three germ layers during gastrulation
b) The influence of one group of cells on the development of neighboring cells
c) The movement of cells during embryonic development
d) The differentiation of stem cells into specialized cell types
Answer: b) The influence of one group of cells on the development of neighboring cells
33. The phenomenon of “regeneration” in animals has implications for:
a) Embryonic development
b) Evolutionary change
c) Tissue repair
d) Genetic mutations
Answer: c) Tissue repair
34. Evo-Devo research often involves the study of which type of organism to understand developmental processes?
a) Model organisms
b) Endangered species
c) Fossilized remains
d) Invasive species
Answer: a) Model organisms
35. The concept of “evolutionary developmental biology” combines principles from:
a) Evolutionary biology and developmental biology
b) Genetics and molecular biology
c) Ecology and behavior
d) Physiology and anatomy
Answer: a) Evolutionary biology and developmental biology
36. Which concept in Evo-Devo explains how small changes in developmental processes can lead to large-scale evolutionary changes?
a) Evolutionary developmental plasticity
b) Developmental constraint
c) Evolutionary innovation
d) Developmental robustness
Answer: c) Evolutionary innovation
37. The term “morphogen” refers to:
a) A substance that regulates the pattern of tissue development
b) A gene that controls the growth of organs
c) A protein that induces cell differentiation
d) A signal that influences embryonic induction
Answer: a) A substance that regulates the pattern of tissue development
38. In Evo-Devo, “epigenetic changes” are:
a) Changes in DNA sequence
b) Modifications in gene expression not involving changes in the DNA sequence
c) Alterations in protein structure
d) Mutations in regulatory genes
Answer: b) Modifications in gene expression not involving changes in the DNA sequence
39. The concept of “evolutionary plasticity” refers to:
a) The ability of an organism to adapt to different environments
b) The capacity of developmental processes to generate a range of phenotypes
c) The genetic changes that drive evolutionary change
d) The stability of developmental processes across generations
Answer: b) The capacity of developmental processes to generate a range of phenotypes
40. The study of “body plan evolution” in Evo-Devo focuses on:
a) The development of organs in animals
b) The variation in body plans among different species
c) The interaction between genes and the environment
d) The role of genetic mutations in shaping body structures
Answer: b) The variation in body plans among different species