What is genetics?
A) The study of animal behavior
B) The study of animal anatomy
C) The study of genes and heredity
D) The study of animal physiology
Which molecule carries genetic information in animals?
A) RNA
B) Protein
C) DNA
D) Lipid
How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
A) 23 pairs
B) 46 pairs
C) 24 pairs
D) 22 pairs
What term describes the different forms of a gene?
A) Trait
B) Allele
C) Genotype
D) Phenotype
Which scientist is known as the father of modern genetics?
A) Charles Darwin
B) Gregor Mendel
C) Watson and Crick
D) Thomas Hunt Morgan
In a genetic cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the expected ratio of offspring with the dominant phenotype?
A) 1:1
B) 1:2:1
C) 3:1
D) 1:3
What is the term for the physical expression of an organism’s genetic makeup?
A) Genotype
B) Phenotype
C) Allele
D) Chromosome
What is the term for an individual that has two identical alleles for a particular gene?
A) Heterozygous
B) Homozygous
C) Dominant
D) Recessive
In a genetic cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), what is the expected ratio of offspring with the recessive phenotype?
A) 1:1
B) 1:2:1
C) 3:1
D) 1:3
What term describes the likelihood of an event occurring, such as inheriting a specific trait?
A) Probability
B) Homology
C) Dominance
D) Recessiveness
Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a recessive allele on the X chromosome?
A) Down syndrome
B) Hemophilia
C) Huntington’s disease
D) Sickle cell anemia
What is the term for the inheritance pattern in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the heterozygote?
A) Incomplete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Polygenic inheritance
D) Epistasis
What term describes a trait that is controlled by multiple genes?
A) Dominant trait
B) Recessive trait
C) Polygenic trait
D) Monogenic trait
In a dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb), what is the expected phenotypic ratio?
A) 9:3:3:1
B) 1:2:1
C) 3:1
D) 1:1
What is the term for the masking of the effect of one gene by another gene at a different locus?
A) Incomplete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Epistasis
D) Polygenic inheritance
Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a trisomy of chromosome 21?
A) Down syndrome
B) Hemophilia
C) Huntington’s disease
D) Turner syndrome
What is the term for a mutation that results in the loss of one or more nucleotides from a gene?
A) Insertion
B) Deletion
C) Substitution
D) Translocation
Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a mutation in the CFTR gene, leading to abnormal chloride ion transport?
A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Down syndrome
C) Huntington’s disease
D) Hemophilia
What is the term for the random change in allele frequencies in a population over time?
A) Mutation
B) Migration
C) Genetic drift
D) Natural selection
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of genetic variation in populations?
A) Mutation
B) Genetic drift
C) Gene flow
D) Phenotypic plasticity
What is the term for a change in DNA sequence that results in the insertion of an extra nucleotide?
A) Insertion
B) Deletion
C) Substitution
D) Frameshift mutation
Which of the following statements about dominant alleles is true?
A) They are always expressed in the phenotype.
B) They are always more common in a population.
C) They are always lethal when present.
D) They can be masked by a recessive allele.
What is the term for the phenomenon when a gene has more than two alleles in a population?
A) Multiple allelism
B) Polygenic inheritance
C) Codominance
D) Incomplete dominance
Which of the following is a characteristic of X-linked inheritance?
A) It affects both males and females equally.
B) It is always recessive.
C) It is passed from father to son.
D) It affects more males than females.
What term describes a trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?
A) Epigenetics
B) Polygenic inheritance
C) Phenotypic plasticity
D) Gene expression
Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a dominant allele on chromosome 4, leading to degeneration of nerve cells in the brain?
A) Sickle cell anemia
B) Hemophilia
C) Huntington’s disease
D) Cystic fibrosis
In humans, what is the probability of having a male child if the father carries a Y-linked disorder?
A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 100%
Which of the following is a characteristic of autosomal recessive inheritance?
A) Affected individuals typically have unaffected parents.
B) Affected individuals usually have affected siblings.
C) The disorder affects more males than females.
D) The disorder skips generations.
What is the term for the pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed equally in the heterozygous condition?
A) Incomplete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Polygenic inheritance
D) Pleiotropy
Which of the following is NOT a type of chromosomal mutation?
A) Inversion
B) Duplication
C) Point mutation
D) Translocation
What is the term for the phenomenon when genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together?
A) Genetic drift
B) Gene flow
C) Linkage
D) Mutation
What is the term for the diagram used to predict the possible outcomes of a genetic cross?
A) Punnett square
B) Pedigree chart
C) Karyotype
D) Genetic map
In humans, which sex chromosomes determine the male phenotype?
A) XX
B) XY
C) YY
D) XX and XY both
What is the term for the process by which genes are transferred from one population to another?
A) Mutation
B) Genetic drift
C) Gene flow
D) Natural selection
In a pedigree chart, which shape represents a male individual?
A) Circle
B) Square
C) Diamond
D) Triangle
What is the term for the process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA?
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Replication
D) Mutagenesis
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of epigenetic regulation?
A) DNA methylation
B) Histone acetylation
C) X-inactivation
D) Gene duplication
What is the term for the process by which genetic material is copied to produce an identical or nearly identical replica?
A) Replication
B) Transcription
C) Translation
D) Mutation
Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness?
A) Duchenne muscular dystrophy
B) Hemophilia
C) Sickle cell anemia
D) Huntington’s disease
What is the term for the process by which mRNA is translated into a protein?
A) Transcription
B) Translation
C) Replication
D) Mutation
Which of the following genetic disorders is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene, leading to intellectual disability and behavioral problems?
A) Turner syndrome
B) Fragile X syndrome
C) Down syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome