Elasticity MCQs Aeronautical Engineering

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What does the term “elasticity” refer to in materials science? A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation B) The ability of a material to conduct electricity C) The ability of a material to resist corrosion D) The ability of a material to absorb heat Answer: A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation 2. Which of the following is a measure of a material’s stiffness? A) Young’s modulus B) Poisson’s ratio C) Shear modulus D) Bulk modulus Answer: A) Young’s modulus 3. What is Poisson’s ratio? A) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain B) The ratio of stress to strain C) The ratio of shear stress to shear strain D) The ratio of bulk modulus to Young’s modulus Answer: A) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain 4. Which modulus describes a material’s response to shear stress? A) Shear modulus B) Young’s modulus C) Bulk modulus D) Elastic modulus Answer: A) Shear modulus 5. What does the term “strain” refer to? A) The measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material B) The force applied to a material C) The resistance of a material to deformation D) The ratio of stress to strain Answer: A) The measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material 6. What is “Young’s modulus” used to describe? A) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain B) The ratio of shear stress to shear strain C) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain D) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain Answer: A) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain 7. Which of the following materials would typically have a high Young’s modulus? A) Steel B) Rubber C) Foam D) Plastic Answer: A) Steel 8. What does the “bulk modulus” measure? A) The material’s resistance to uniform compression B) The material’s response to shear forces C) The material’s response to tensile forces D) The material’s resistance to bending Answer: A) The material’s resistance to uniform compression 9. What does “elastic deformation” mean? A) Deformation that is fully reversible upon removal of the load B) Deformation that results in permanent change to the material C) Deformation that only occurs at high temperatures D) Deformation that affects the density of the material Answer: A) Deformation that is fully reversible upon removal of the load 10. In which type of stress does Hooke’s Law apply? markdown Copy code – A) Linear stress – B) Shear stress – C) Volumetric stress – D) All types of stress – **Answer:** A) Linear stress 11. Which material property is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain? markdown Copy code – A) Shear modulus – B) Young’s modulus – C) Bulk modulus – D) Poisson’s ratio – **Answer:** A) Shear modulus 12. What is the formula for calculating strain? mathematica Copy code – A) Strain = (Change in Length) / (Original Length) – B) Strain = (Original Length) / (Change in Length) – C) Strain = (Stress) / (Young’s Modulus) – D) Strain = (Young’s Modulus) / (Stress) – **Answer:** A) Strain = (Change in Length) / (Original Length) 13. Which of the following describes “shear strain”? markdown Copy code – A) The ratio of displacement to the distance along the plane of shear – B) The ratio of tensile stress to longitudinal strain – C) The change in volume per unit volume – D) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain – **Answer:** A) The ratio of displacement to the distance along the plane of shear 14. What does a higher Poisson’s ratio indicate about a material? css Copy code – A) It experiences a larger lateral strain when subjected to longitudinal stress – B) It has a higher Young’s modulus – C) It has a lower shear modulus – D) It is less ductile – **Answer:** A) It experiences a larger lateral strain when subjected to longitudinal stress 15. How is “elastic potential energy” stored in a material? vbnet Copy code – A) As a result of deformation due to applied stress – B) As a result of thermal expansion – C) Through changes in density – D) By altering the material’s color – **Answer:** A) As a result of deformation due to applied stress 16. What does “creep” refer to in materials science? less Copy code – A) The slow, time-dependent deformation under a constant load – B) The sudden failure of a material under high stress – C) The immediate deformation upon loading – D) The thermal expansion of a material – **Answer:** A) The slow, time-dependent deformation under a constant load 17. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of linear elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Material deformation is proportional to the applied load – B) Deformations are reversible – C) Material properties are temperature dependent – D) The relationship between stress and strain is linear – **Answer:** C) Material properties are temperature dependent 18. What type of analysis is typically used to evaluate stress and strain in complex structures? markdown Copy code – A) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) – B) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – C) Computational Geometry – D) Thermodynamic Analysis – **Answer:** A) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 19. What is the primary difference between elastic and plastic deformation? markdown Copy code – A) Elastic deformation is reversible; plastic deformation is not – B) Plastic deformation occurs at lower loads than elastic deformation – C) Elastic deformation occurs under high temperatures; plastic deformation occurs under low temperatures – D) Plastic deformation results in higher elastic potential energy – **Answer:** A) Elastic deformation is reversible; plastic deformation is not 20. Which of the following describes “modulus of resilience”? css Copy code – A) The maximum amount of energy that can be stored in a material without permanent deformation – B) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain – C) The resistance of a material to plastic deformation – D) The maximum stress a material can withstand before failure – **Answer:** A) The maximum amount of energy that can be stored in a material without permanent deformation 21. What is the primary purpose of using “strain gauges” in aeronautical engineering? css Copy code – A) To measure the amount of deformation in a material or structure – B) To measure temperature changes – C) To monitor fuel levels – D) To assess aerodynamic performance – **Answer:** A) To measure the amount of deformation in a material or structure 22. Which term describes the deformation behavior when a material is subjected to both tensile and compressive forces? markdown Copy code – A) Combined loading – B) Pure bending – C) Torsional deformation – D) Thermal expansion – **Answer:** A) Combined loading 23. How does temperature typically affect the elasticity of materials? markdown Copy code – A) Elasticity generally decreases with increasing temperature – B) Elasticity generally increases with increasing temperature – C) Elasticity remains constant with temperature changes – D) Temperature has no effect on elasticity – **Answer:** A) Elasticity generally decreases with increasing temperature 24. Which of the following is a characteristic of an “isotropic” material? markdown Copy code – A) It has identical properties in all directions – B) Its properties vary depending on the direction of stress – C) It exhibits different behavior under tensile and compressive stress – D) It has varying thermal conductivity – **Answer:** A) It has identical properties in all directions 25. What is the primary focus of “structural elasticity” in aeronautical engineering? markdown Copy code – A) Analyzing how aircraft structures deform under loads – B) Improving the fuel efficiency of aircraft – C) Enhancing engine performance – D) Optimizing aerodynamic shapes – **Answer:** A) Analyzing how aircraft structures deform under loads 26. In elasticity theory, what does “plane stress” refer to? css Copy code – A) Stress occurring in a thin plate where stresses perpendicular to the plane are negligible – B) Stress occurring in a three-dimensional solid – C) Stress in a material subjected to uniform compression – D) Stress in a material subjected to varying temperatures – **Answer:** A) Stress occurring in a thin plate where stresses perpendicular to the plane are negligible 27. What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a structural member on its stiffness? markdown Copy code – A) Stiffness increases with the cross-sectional area – B) Stiffness decreases with the cross-sectional area – C) Stiffness remains unchanged – D) Stiffness initially increases but eventually decreases – **Answer:** A) Stiffness increases with the cross-sectional area 28. Which theory is used to predict the elastic behavior of materials under complex loading conditions? markdown Copy code – A) Theory of elasticity – B) Theory of plasticity – C) Theory of fluid dynamics – D) Theory of thermodynamics – **Answer:** A) Theory of elasticity 29. What does the “elastic limit” of a material indicate? less Copy code – A) The maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation – B) The point at which a material begins to fail – C) The maximum amount of strain a material can endure – D) The temperature at which a material becomes elastic – **Answer:** A) The maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation 30. Which of the following terms is used to describe the deformation of a material under torsional stress? markdown Copy code – A) Shear deformation – B) Tensile deformation – C) Compressive deformation – D) Volumetric deformation – **Answer:** A) Shear deformation 31. In the context of elasticity, what does “plastic deformation” involve? markdown Copy code – A) Permanent change in shape after the removal of the load – B) Temporary change in shape that is reversible – C) Deformation that only occurs under extreme temperatures – D) Deformation that involves changes in density – **Answer:** A) Permanent change in shape after the removal of the load 32. What is “modulus of toughness”? css Copy code – A) The amount of energy a material can absorb before it breaks – B) The ratio of shear stress to shear strain – C) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain – D) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain – **Answer:** A) The amount of energy a material can absorb before it breaks 33. What does the term “strain energy” refer to? css Copy code – A) The energy stored in a material due to deformation – B) The energy required to heat a material – C) The energy released during a material’s failure – D) The energy used to change the material’s color – **Answer:** A) The energy stored in a material due to deformation 34. Which of the following factors can affect the elastic properties of a material? markdown Copy code – A) Temperature – B) Material composition – C) Strain rate – D) All of the above – **Answer:** D) All of the above 35. What is “elastic stability”? css Copy code – A) The ability of a material or structure to return to its original shape after deformation – B) The ability of a structure to resist buckling under load – C) The ability of a material to maintain its elasticity over time – D) The ability of a material to withstand high temperatures – **Answer:** B) The ability of a structure to resist buckling under load 36. In aeronautical engineering, why is it important to understand material elasticity? css Copy code – A) To ensure structural integrity and performance under aerodynamic loads – B) To improve fuel efficiency – C) To enhance engine performance – D) To optimize wing shapes for better aerodynamics – **Answer:** A) To ensure structural integrity and performance under aerodynamic loads 37. What is “Young’s modulus of resilience”? less Copy code – A) The maximum strain a material can endure without permanent deformation – B) The maximum stress a material can endure without permanent deformation – C) The amount of energy per unit volume a material can store before yielding – D) The amount of strain a material can withstand before failure – **Answer:** C) The amount of energy per unit volume a material can store before yielding 38. Which of the following is NOT a common test for determining material elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Tensile test – B) Compression test – C) Impact test – D) Shear test – **Answer:** C) Impact test 39. What is the effect of increasing the length of a structural member on its elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Elasticity remains unchanged – B) Elasticity decreases with increased length – C) Elasticity increases with increased length – D) Elasticity decreases until a critical length is reached – **Answer:** A) Elasticity remains unchanged 40. In which scenario is “plane strain” assumed? mathematica Copy code – A) In thick structures where strains in one direction are negligible – B) In thin sheets subjected to uniform stress – C) In materials under torsional load – D) In structures subjected to thermal expansion – **Answer:** A) In thick structures where strains in one direction are negligible 41. What does “elastic compliance” refer to? vbnet Copy code – A) The inverse of the material’s stiffness – B) The material’s ability to withstand large deformations – C) The material’s ability to resist impact forces – D) The material’s resistance to fatigue – **Answer:** A) The inverse of the material’s stiffness 42. Which property of a material describes its ability to return to its original shape after deformation? markdown Copy code – A) Elastic modulus – B) Plasticity – C) Ductility – D) Toughness – **Answer:** A) Elastic modulus 43. In the context of elasticity, what is “strain energy density”? css Copy code – A) The amount of energy stored per unit volume of a material – B) The amount of energy required to deform a material – C) The energy per unit area that a material can absorb – D) The energy released when a material fails – **Answer:** A) The amount of energy stored per unit volume of a material 44. Which term describes the resistance of a material to changes in its volume under pressure? markdown Copy code – A) Bulk modulus – B) Young’s modulus – C) Shear modulus – D) Poisson’s ratio – **Answer:** A) Bulk modulus 45. What is the relationship between Young’s modulus and the stiffness of a material? vbnet Copy code – A) Higher Young’s modulus indicates higher stiffness – B) Lower Young’s modulus indicates higher stiffness – C) Young’s modulus is independent of stiffness – D) Young’s modulus decreases with increasing stiffness – **Answer:** A) Higher Young’s modulus indicates higher stiffness 46. What does “elastic limit” indicate in the stress-strain curve of a material? markdown Copy code – A) The maximum stress that can be applied without causing permanent deformation – B) The point where the material begins to yield – C) The stress at which the material breaks – D) The point where strain becomes nonlinear – **Answer:** A) The maximum stress that can be applied without causing permanent deformation 47. Which of the following properties is NOT directly related to elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Thermal conductivity – B) Young’s modulus – C) Shear modulus – D) Bulk modulus – **Answer:** A) Thermal conductivity 48. What does “elastic recovery” refer to? vbnet Copy code – A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after stress is removed – B) The material’s ability to withstand repeated loading – C) The ability to resist permanent deformation – D) The material’s resistance to environmental damage – **Answer:** A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after stress is removed 49. Which theory is primarily concerned with the deformation of materials under stress? markdown Copy code – A) Theory of elasticity – B) Theory of relativity – C) Theory of probability – D) Theory of quantum mechanics – **Answer:** A) Theory of elasticity 50. In structural analysis, what does “modulus of rigidity” refer to? markdown Copy code – A) The same as the shear modulus – B) The same as Young’s modulus – C) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain – D) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain – **Answer:** A) The same as the shear modulus   What does the term “elasticity” refer to in materials science? A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation B) The ability of a material to conduct electricity C) The ability of a material to resist corrosion D) The ability of a material to absorb heat Answer: A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after deformation 2. Which of the following is a measure of a material’s stiffness? A) Young’s modulus B) Poisson’s ratio C) Shear modulus D) Bulk modulus Answer: A) Young’s modulus 3. What is Poisson’s ratio? A) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain B) The ratio of stress to strain C) The ratio of shear stress to shear strain D) The ratio of bulk modulus to Young’s modulus Answer: A) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain 4. Which modulus describes a material’s response to shear stress? A) Shear modulus B) Young’s modulus C) Bulk modulus D) Elastic modulus Answer: A) Shear modulus 5. What does the term “strain” refer to? A) The measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material B) The force applied to a material C) The resistance of a material to deformation D) The ratio of stress to strain Answer: A) The measure of deformation representing the displacement between particles in a material 6. What is “Young’s modulus” used to describe? A) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain B) The ratio of shear stress to shear strain C) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain D) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain Answer: A) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain 7. Which of the following materials would typically have a high Young’s modulus? A) Steel B) Rubber C) Foam D) Plastic Answer: A) Steel 8. What does the “bulk modulus” measure? A) The material’s resistance to uniform compression B) The material’s response to shear forces C) The material’s response to tensile forces D) The material’s resistance to bending Answer: A) The material’s resistance to uniform compression 9. What does “elastic deformation” mean? A) Deformation that is fully reversible upon removal of the load B) Deformation that results in permanent change to the material C) Deformation that only occurs at high temperatures D) Deformation that affects the density of the material Answer: A) Deformation that is fully reversible upon removal of the load 10. In which type of stress does Hooke’s Law apply? markdown Copy code – A) Linear stress – B) Shear stress – C) Volumetric stress – D) All types of stress – **Answer:** A) Linear stress 11. Which material property is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain? markdown Copy code – A) Shear modulus – B) Young’s modulus – C) Bulk modulus – D) Poisson’s ratio – **Answer:** A) Shear modulus 12. What is the formula for calculating strain? mathematica Copy code – A) Strain = (Change in Length) / (Original Length) – B) Strain = (Original Length) / (Change in Length) – C) Strain = (Stress) / (Young’s Modulus) – D) Strain = (Young’s Modulus) / (Stress) – **Answer:** A) Strain = (Change in Length) / (Original Length) 13. Which of the following describes “shear strain”? markdown Copy code – A) The ratio of displacement to the distance along the plane of shear – B) The ratio of tensile stress to longitudinal strain – C) The change in volume per unit volume – D) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain – **Answer:** A) The ratio of displacement to the distance along the plane of shear 14. What does a higher Poisson’s ratio indicate about a material? css Copy code – A) It experiences a larger lateral strain when subjected to longitudinal stress – B) It has a higher Young’s modulus – C) It has a lower shear modulus – D) It is less ductile – **Answer:** A) It experiences a larger lateral strain when subjected to longitudinal stress 15. How is “elastic potential energy” stored in a material? vbnet Copy code – A) As a result of deformation due to applied stress – B) As a result of thermal expansion – C) Through changes in density – D) By altering the material’s color – **Answer:** A) As a result of deformation due to applied stress 16. What does “creep” refer to in materials science? less Copy code – A) The slow, time-dependent deformation under a constant load – B) The sudden failure of a material under high stress – C) The immediate deformation upon loading – D) The thermal expansion of a material – **Answer:** A) The slow, time-dependent deformation under a constant load 17. Which of the following is NOT an assumption of linear elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Material deformation is proportional to the applied load – B) Deformations are reversible – C) Material properties are temperature dependent – D) The relationship between stress and strain is linear – **Answer:** C) Material properties are temperature dependent 18. What type of analysis is typically used to evaluate stress and strain in complex structures? markdown Copy code – A) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) – B) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) – C) Computational Geometry – D) Thermodynamic Analysis – **Answer:** A) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 19. What is the primary difference between elastic and plastic deformation? markdown Copy code – A) Elastic deformation is reversible; plastic deformation is not – B) Plastic deformation occurs at lower loads than elastic deformation – C) Elastic deformation occurs under high temperatures; plastic deformation occurs under low temperatures – D) Plastic deformation results in higher elastic potential energy – **Answer:** A) Elastic deformation is reversible; plastic deformation is not 20. Which of the following describes “modulus of resilience”? css Copy code – A) The maximum amount of energy that can be stored in a material without permanent deformation – B) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain – C) The resistance of a material to plastic deformation – D) The maximum stress a material can withstand before failure – **Answer:** A) The maximum amount of energy that can be stored in a material without permanent deformation 21. What is the primary purpose of using “strain gauges” in aeronautical engineering? css Copy code – A) To measure the amount of deformation in a material or structure – B) To measure temperature changes – C) To monitor fuel levels – D) To assess aerodynamic performance – **Answer:** A) To measure the amount of deformation in a material or structure 22. Which term describes the deformation behavior when a material is subjected to both tensile and compressive forces? markdown Copy code – A) Combined loading – B) Pure bending – C) Torsional deformation – D) Thermal expansion – **Answer:** A) Combined loading 23. How does temperature typically affect the elasticity of materials? markdown Copy code – A) Elasticity generally decreases with increasing temperature – B) Elasticity generally increases with increasing temperature – C) Elasticity remains constant with temperature changes – D) Temperature has no effect on elasticity – **Answer:** A) Elasticity generally decreases with increasing temperature 24. Which of the following is a characteristic of an “isotropic” material? markdown Copy code – A) It has identical properties in all directions – B) Its properties vary depending on the direction of stress – C) It exhibits different behavior under tensile and compressive stress – D) It has varying thermal conductivity – **Answer:** A) It has identical properties in all directions 25. What is the primary focus of “structural elasticity” in aeronautical engineering? markdown Copy code – A) Analyzing how aircraft structures deform under loads – B) Improving the fuel efficiency of aircraft – C) Enhancing engine performance – D) Optimizing aerodynamic shapes – **Answer:** A) Analyzing how aircraft structures deform under loads 26. In elasticity theory, what does “plane stress” refer to? css Copy code – A) Stress occurring in a thin plate where stresses perpendicular to the plane are negligible – B) Stress occurring in a three-dimensional solid – C) Stress in a material subjected to uniform compression – D) Stress in a material subjected to varying temperatures – **Answer:** A) Stress occurring in a thin plate where stresses perpendicular to the plane are negligible 27. What is the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of a structural member on its stiffness? markdown Copy code – A) Stiffness increases with the cross-sectional area – B) Stiffness decreases with the cross-sectional area – C) Stiffness remains unchanged – D) Stiffness initially increases but eventually decreases – **Answer:** A) Stiffness increases with the cross-sectional area 28. Which theory is used to predict the elastic behavior of materials under complex loading conditions? markdown Copy code – A) Theory of elasticity – B) Theory of plasticity – C) Theory of fluid dynamics – D) Theory of thermodynamics – **Answer:** A) Theory of elasticity 29. What does the “elastic limit” of a material indicate? less Copy code – A) The maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation – B) The point at which a material begins to fail – C) The maximum amount of strain a material can endure – D) The temperature at which a material becomes elastic – **Answer:** A) The maximum stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation 30. Which of the following terms is used to describe the deformation of a material under torsional stress? markdown Copy code – A) Shear deformation – B) Tensile deformation – C) Compressive deformation – D) Volumetric deformation – **Answer:** A) Shear deformation 31. In the context of elasticity, what does “plastic deformation” involve? markdown Copy code – A) Permanent change in shape after the removal of the load – B) Temporary change in shape that is reversible – C) Deformation that only occurs under extreme temperatures – D) Deformation that involves changes in density – **Answer:** A) Permanent change in shape after the removal of the load 32. What is “modulus of toughness”? css Copy code – A) The amount of energy a material can absorb before it breaks – B) The ratio of shear stress to shear strain – C) The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain – D) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain – **Answer:** A) The amount of energy a material can absorb before it breaks 33. What does the term “strain energy” refer to? css Copy code – A) The energy stored in a material due to deformation – B) The energy required to heat a material – C) The energy released during a material’s failure – D) The energy used to change the material’s color – **Answer:** A) The energy stored in a material due to deformation 34. Which of the following factors can affect the elastic properties of a material? markdown Copy code – A) Temperature – B) Material composition – C) Strain rate – D) All of the above – **Answer:** D) All of the above 35. What is “elastic stability”? css Copy code – A) The ability of a material or structure to return to its original shape after deformation – B) The ability of a structure to resist buckling under load – C) The ability of a material to maintain its elasticity over time – D) The ability of a material to withstand high temperatures – **Answer:** B) The ability of a structure to resist buckling under load 36. In aeronautical engineering, why is it important to understand material elasticity? css Copy code – A) To ensure structural integrity and performance under aerodynamic loads – B) To improve fuel efficiency – C) To enhance engine performance – D) To optimize wing shapes for better aerodynamics – **Answer:** A) To ensure structural integrity and performance under aerodynamic loads 37. What is “Young’s modulus of resilience”? less Copy code – A) The maximum strain a material can endure without permanent deformation – B) The maximum stress a material can endure without permanent deformation – C) The amount of energy per unit volume a material can store before yielding – D) The amount of strain a material can withstand before failure – **Answer:** C) The amount of energy per unit volume a material can store before yielding 38. Which of the following is NOT a common test for determining material elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Tensile test – B) Compression test – C) Impact test – D) Shear test – **Answer:** C) Impact test 39. What is the effect of increasing the length of a structural member on its elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Elasticity remains unchanged – B) Elasticity decreases with increased length – C) Elasticity increases with increased length – D) Elasticity decreases until a critical length is reached – **Answer:** A) Elasticity remains unchanged 40. In which scenario is “plane strain” assumed? mathematica Copy code – A) In thick structures where strains in one direction are negligible – B) In thin sheets subjected to uniform stress – C) In materials under torsional load – D) In structures subjected to thermal expansion – **Answer:** A) In thick structures where strains in one direction are negligible 41. What does “elastic compliance” refer to? vbnet Copy code – A) The inverse of the material’s stiffness – B) The material’s ability to withstand large deformations – C) The material’s ability to resist impact forces – D) The material’s resistance to fatigue – **Answer:** A) The inverse of the material’s stiffness 42. Which property of a material describes its ability to return to its original shape after deformation? markdown Copy code – A) Elastic modulus – B) Plasticity – C) Ductility – D) Toughness – **Answer:** A) Elastic modulus 43. In the context of elasticity, what is “strain energy density”? css Copy code – A) The amount of energy stored per unit volume of a material – B) The amount of energy required to deform a material – C) The energy per unit area that a material can absorb – D) The energy released when a material fails – **Answer:** A) The amount of energy stored per unit volume of a material 44. Which term describes the resistance of a material to changes in its volume under pressure? markdown Copy code – A) Bulk modulus – B) Young’s modulus – C) Shear modulus – D) Poisson’s ratio – **Answer:** A) Bulk modulus 45. What is the relationship between Young’s modulus and the stiffness of a material? vbnet Copy code – A) Higher Young’s modulus indicates higher stiffness – B) Lower Young’s modulus indicates higher stiffness – C) Young’s modulus is independent of stiffness – D) Young’s modulus decreases with increasing stiffness – **Answer:** A) Higher Young’s modulus indicates higher stiffness 46. What does “elastic limit” indicate in the stress-strain curve of a material? markdown Copy code – A) The maximum stress that can be applied without causing permanent deformation – B) The point where the material begins to yield – C) The stress at which the material breaks – D) The point where strain becomes nonlinear – **Answer:** A) The maximum stress that can be applied without causing permanent deformation 47. Which of the following properties is NOT directly related to elasticity? markdown Copy code – A) Thermal conductivity – B) Young’s modulus – C) Shear modulus – D) Bulk modulus – **Answer:** A) Thermal conductivity 48. What does “elastic recovery” refer to? vbnet Copy code – A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after stress is removed – B) The material’s ability to withstand repeated loading – C) The ability to resist permanent deformation – D) The material’s resistance to environmental damage – **Answer:** A) The ability of a material to return to its original shape after stress is removed 49. Which theory is primarily concerned with the deformation of materials under stress? markdown Copy code – A) Theory of elasticity – B) Theory of relativity – C) Theory of probability – D) Theory of quantum mechanics – **Answer:** A) Theory of elasticity 50. In structural analysis, what does “modulus of rigidity” refer to? markdown Copy code – A) The same as the shear modulus – B) The same as Young’s modulus – C) The ratio of volumetric stress to volumetric strain – D) The ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain – **Answer:** A) The same as the shear modulus

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