Genomics, Transcriptomics and Proteomics MCQs

1. In genomics, which of the following techniques is primarily used for sequencing an entire genome?
(A) Microarray analysis
(B) Sanger sequencing
(C) Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
(D) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

2. Which of the following best defines “transcriptomics”?
(A) The study of gene expression by analyzing mRNA levels
(B) The study of the entire protein-coding sequence of a genome
(C) The analysis of the diversity of microbial communities in an organism
(D) The study of the complete set of proteins expressed in a cell

3. What is the primary difference between genomics and transcriptomics?
(A) Genomics studies the full complement of genes, while transcriptomics focuses on mRNA expression
(B) Genomics is concerned with protein structures, while transcriptomics is focused on DNA sequencing
(C) Genomics is used to study disease pathology, while transcriptomics focuses on gene mutation
(D) Genomics deals with protein-coding genes, while transcriptomics focuses on non-coding regions

4. Which sequencing technology is commonly used in transcriptomics to quantify gene expression?
(A) Whole-genome sequencing
(B) ChIP-seq
(C) RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)
(D) Southern blotting

5. In proteomics, what does the term “quantitative proteomics” refer to?
(A) The identification of all proteins in a cell or tissue sample
(B) The study of protein structure and function
(C) The measurement of protein abundance in different conditions or time points
(D) The analysis of protein-protein interactions

6. Which of the following methods is used in proteomics to separate complex mixtures of proteins before identification and quantification?
(A) Electrophoresis (e.g., 2D-gel electrophoresis)
(B) PCR amplification
(C) Mass spectrometry (MS)
(D) Northern blotting

7. What is the primary advantage of using mass spectrometry (MS) in proteomics?
(A) It can amplify low-abundance proteins
(B) It allows for the identification of protein structures without prior knowledge
(C) It can provide information about protein abundance, modification, and interactions
(D) It enables direct visualization of the genome

8. Which of the following best describes the concept of “post-translational modifications” (PTMs) in proteomics?
(A) The modification of proteins during translation to produce functional variants
(B) The addition of molecules such as phosphate groups, sugars, or acetyl groups to proteins after translation
(C) The degradation of proteins into smaller peptides
(D) The regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional level

9. Which bioinformatic tool is primarily used to align RNA-seq data to a reference genome in transcriptomics?
(A) BLAST
(B) STAR (Spliced Transcripts Alignment to a Reference)
(C) BWA (Burrows-Wheeler Aligner)
(D) MAFFT

10. In the context of genomics, what does the term “synteny” refer to?
(A) The study of gene expression patterns in different tissues
(B) The presence of identical genes in different organisms
(C) The conservation of gene order between species
(D) The comparison of gene sequences between organisms

11. Which of the following describes the role of microRNAs in transcriptomics?
(A) They encode proteins involved in cell signaling
(B) They bind to mRNA molecules to regulate their stability and translation
(C) They are involved in chromatin remodeling
(D) They act as transcription factors to initiate gene expression

12. What is the key advantage of using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in transcriptomics?
(A) It allows for the detection of rare genomic mutations
(B) It provides insights into gene expression at the single-cell level, revealing cellular heterogeneity
(C) It enables direct visualization of protein-protein interactions
(D) It allows for sequencing of long non-coding RNA only

13. What is the main purpose of using gene ontology (GO) analysis in genomics and transcriptomics?
(A) To identify conserved regulatory sequences in the genome
(B) To classify genes and proteins based on their functions and biological processes
(C) To identify transcription factors responsible for gene regulation
(D) To determine the evolutionary relationships between species

14. Which of the following challenges is most commonly associated with large-scale proteomic studies?
(A) High cost of genomic sequencing
(B) Difficulty in obtaining high-quality RNA samples
(C) Identifying and quantifying low-abundance proteins
(D) Lack of appropriate bioinformatic tools for analysis

15. Which of the following techniques is primarily used to identify protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in proteomics?
(A) ChIP-seq
(B) Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)
(C) RNA-seq
(D) qRT-PCR