Development and Underdevelopment MCQs - International Relations IR

What does “economic development” primarily refer to?

A. The reduction of tariffs and trade barriers
B. The process of improving the economic well-being and quality of life for a community or nation
C. The isolation of a country’s economy from the global market
D. The increase in military expenditure
Answer: B
Which of the following is a key indicator of development?

A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
B. Military spending
C. Number of trade agreements
D. Size of the national debt
Answer: A
What is “underdevelopment”?

A. The process of rapidly industrializing an economy
B. The state of an economy that has not yet achieved high levels of economic growth and development
C. The creation of advanced technological infrastructure
D. The reduction of trade barriers and tariffs
Answer: B
Which concept focuses on improving living standards, healthcare, and education in a country?

A. Economic globalization
B. Human development
C. Trade liberalization
D. Environmental sustainability
Answer: B
What does the term “poverty trap” describe?

A. A situation where high income leads to low levels of poverty
B. A condition where poverty persists due to systemic barriers and lack of resources
C. A situation where economic policies lead to increased economic growth
D. A condition where poverty is alleviated by international aid
Answer: B
Which of the following is a measure of human development according to the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A. Military expenditure
B. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
C. Life expectancy, education level, and income
D. Trade volume
Answer: C
What does “sustainable development” emphasize?

A. Immediate economic growth without considering environmental impact
B. Development that meets current needs without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs
C. Increasing military expenditure to stimulate economic growth
D. Restricting international trade to protect domestic industries
Answer: B
Which theory suggests that development can be achieved through modernization and integration into the global economy?

A. Dependency Theory
B. World Systems Theory
C. Modernization Theory
D. Postcolonial Theory
Answer: C
Which term describes a situation where the benefits of development are unevenly distributed among different regions or groups within a country?

A. Regional inequality
B. Economic balance
C. Globalization
D. Trade equilibrium
Answer: A
What is “foreign aid”?

A. Assistance provided by one country to another to support development and humanitarian efforts
B. A type of economic sanction imposed by countries
C. Loans given to international corporations
D. Investments made by private companies in foreign markets
Answer: A
Which theory argues that developed countries exploit developing countries for their resources and labor, keeping them in a state of dependency?

A. Modernization Theory
B. Dependency Theory
C. Liberalism
D. Constructivism
Answer: B
What is the “trickle-down effect” in economic development?

A. The idea that benefits provided to the wealthy will eventually benefit everyone in society
B. The reduction of tariffs and trade barriers
C. The increase of foreign direct investment in developing countries
D. The implementation of environmental sustainability practices
Answer: A
Which of the following is a challenge commonly faced by developing countries?

A. High levels of technological innovation
B. Advanced healthcare systems
C. Limited access to education and healthcare
D. High levels of industrialization
Answer: C
What is “income inequality”?

A. The uniform distribution of income among all individuals in a society
B. The unequal distribution of income among individuals or groups within a society
C. The increase in average income levels across a country
D. The reduction of poverty levels
Answer: B
Which concept involves the transfer of technology and knowledge from developed to developing countries to promote growth?

A. Technological diffusion
B. Economic isolation
C. Trade restrictions
D. Political instability
Answer: A
What does the term “economic diversification” refer to?

A. Focusing on a single industry for economic growth
B. Expanding the range of industries and sectors in an economy to reduce dependence on a single source
C. Restricting foreign investments
D. Increasing tariffs on imported goods
Answer: B
Which international organization is primarily responsible for providing financial and technical assistance to developing countries?

A. The World Trade Organization (WTO)
B. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
C. The World Bank
D. The United Nations (UN)
Answer: C
What is the “Gini coefficient” used to measure?

A. The level of trade openness
B. The level of income inequality within a country
C. The degree of economic development
D. The rate of economic growth
Answer: B
What does “economic growth” focus on?

A. The increase in a country’s GDP over time
B. The reduction of trade barriers
C. The expansion of military capabilities
D. The increase in environmental regulations
Answer: A
Which theory emphasizes the role of colonial history and external economic forces in perpetuating underdevelopment?

A. Modernization Theory
B. Dependency Theory
C. Liberalism
D. Constructivism
Answer: B
What is “human capital”?

A. The financial resources available for development projects
B. The skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by individuals that contribute to economic growth
C. The amount of foreign aid received by a country
D. The level of natural resources in a country
Answer: B
Which term refers to the process of improving infrastructure, such as transportation and communication systems, to support development?

A. Economic diversification
B. Infrastructure development
C. Environmental sustainability
D. Trade facilitation
Answer: B
What does “poverty reduction” involve?

A. Increasing the number of economic sanctions
B. Implementing policies and programs to improve living conditions and income levels of the poor
C. Restricting foreign investments
D. Reducing military expenditures
Answer: B
Which of the following is an example of a microfinance institution?

A. The World Bank
B. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
C. Grameen Bank
D. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Answer: C
What does “economic inequality” refer to?

A. Equal distribution of wealth and resources among all individuals
B. Disparities in income, wealth, and opportunities between individuals or groups
C. Uniform economic policies across all regions
D. Balanced economic growth in all sectors
Answer: B
What is the “capabilities approach” in development studies?

A. A focus on increasing GDP per capita as the sole measure of development
B. An approach that emphasizes enhancing individuals’ abilities and opportunities to lead fulfilling lives
C. A policy to restrict international trade
D. A method for increasing military capabilities
Answer: B
Which term describes a situation where economic growth does not lead to improvements in social indicators like health and education?

A. Inclusive growth
B. Equitable growth
C. Economic stagnation
D. Growth without development
Answer: D
What does “social development” focus on?

A. The expansion of the financial sector
B. The improvement of social structures, institutions, and relationships to enhance quality of life
C. The increase of trade volumes
D. The reduction of environmental regulations
Answer: B
Which term refers to the ability of countries to achieve self-sufficiency and sustainability in their development efforts?

A. Dependency
B. Autonomy
C. Globalization
D. Integration
Answer: B
What does “capacity building” aim to achieve?

A. Enhancing the technical and institutional skills of individuals and organizations to achieve development goals
B. Increasing military capabilities
C. Restricting foreign trade
D. Reducing foreign aid dependency
Answer: A
Which organization focuses on reducing global poverty and supporting sustainable development?

A. The World Health Organization (WHO)
B. The World Trade Organization (WTO)
C. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)
D. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Answer: D
What is “gender inequality” in development studies?

A. Equal access to resources and opportunities for all genders
B. Disparities in access to resources and opportunities between different genders
C. The increase in economic opportunities for women
D. The uniform distribution of income among all genders
Answer: B
Which of the following is a primary goal of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)?

A. To increase military expenditures globally
B. To address global poverty, education, and health issues
C. To restrict international trade
D. To enhance environmental regulations
Answer: B
What does “income redistribution” involve?

A. The process of increasing income for the wealthiest individuals
B. The reallocation of wealth and income from higher-income groups to lower-income groups
C. The reduction of income for all individuals
D. The isolation of national economies from global markets
Answer: B
Which theory emphasizes the role of international institutions and cooperation in promoting development?

A. Dependency Theory
B. Liberal Institutionalism
C. Constructivism
D. Marxism
Answer: B
What is “local economic development”?

A. The process of improving economic conditions and creating jobs within a specific local area
B. The development of national trade policies
C. The expansion of international trade agreements
D. The increase of global military capabilities
Answer: A
Which term describes the economic and social progress of developing countries as they integrate into the global economy?

A. Globalization
B. Economic isolation
C. Trade protectionism
D. Economic stagnation
Answer: A
What is “inclusive development”?

A. Development that benefits only a specific group or region
B. Development that ensures all segments of society have access to economic opportunities and benefits
C. Development focused solely on industrial growth
D. Development that restricts trade and investment
Answer: B
Which of the following is a characteristic of “developed countries”?

A. Low levels of industrialization and economic growth
B. High standards of living, advanced infrastructure, and strong economies
C. Limited access to education and healthcare
D. Dependence on foreign aid for economic stability
Answer: B
What does “regional development” focus on?

A. The improvement of economic and social conditions within a specific geographic region
B. The isolation of regions from global trade
C. The increase of military capabilities in a region
D. The restriction of foreign investments in a region
Answer: A
Which of the following is an example of a development indicator?

A. Inflation rate
B. Life expectancy
C. Military spending
D. Trade volume
Answer: B
What is “social capital”?

A. The financial resources available for development projects
B. The networks, relationships, and norms that facilitate cooperation and trust within a community
C. The amount of foreign aid received by a country
D. The level of technological infrastructure
Answer: B
What does “economic empowerment” aim to achieve?

A. Increasing government control over the economy
B. Providing individuals and communities with the tools and opportunities to improve their economic status
C. Restricting foreign trade
D. Reducing the role of international organizations
Answer: B
Which term refers to the process of improving the quality of governance and institutions to support development?

A. Governance reform
B. Economic isolation
C. Trade protectionism
D. Military expansion
Answer: A
What is “inclusive growth”?

A. Economic growth that benefits only a small segment of the population
B. Economic growth that is accompanied by equitable distribution of its benefits across all segments of society
C. Growth that leads to increased trade barriers
D. Growth that focuses solely on industrial sectors
Answer: B
Which of the following best describes “development aid”?

A. Financial assistance provided by developed countries to support economic and social development in developing countries
B. Loans provided to multinational corporations
C. Investments made in the defense sector
D. Funds allocated for reducing national debts
Answer: A
What does “economic resilience” refer to?

A. The ability of an economy to withstand and recover from economic shocks and disruptions
B. The increase in tariffs and trade barriers
C. The expansion of military capabilities
D. The reduction of international trade
Answer: A
Which concept refers to the systematic inequalities that persist in development outcomes among different social groups or regions?

A. Development equity
B. Social justice
C. Development disparity
D. Economic balance
Answer: C
What is “basic needs approach” in development?

A. Focusing solely on economic growth metrics
B. Addressing essential requirements such as food, shelter, and healthcare to improve quality of life
C. Reducing tariffs and trade barriers
D. Increasing foreign aid
Answer: B
What does “macro-economic stability” entail?

A. The maintenance of a balanced budget and low inflation rates to support long-term economic growth
B. Increasing trade barriers to protect domestic industries
C. The reduction of international trade agreements
D. The expansion of military expenditures
Answer: A

Development and Underdevelopment MCQs – International Relations IR

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