Biochemistry MCQs

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1. What is the role of coenzymes in cellular respiration?
A) They act as substrates for enzymes
B) They carry electrons and hydrogen ions
C) They break down glucose molecules
D) They regulate enzyme activity
Answer: B) They carry electrons and hydrogen ions

2. Which of the following is a function of fermentation in cells?
A) Production of ATP
B) Conversion of glucose to pyruvate
C) Oxidation of glucose
D) Recycling of NADH
Answer: D) Recycling of NADH

3. What is the primary function of photosystem II in photosynthesis?
A) Production of ATP
B) Absorption of light energy
C) Release of oxygen
D) Conversion of CO2 into glucose
Answer: C) Release of oxygen

4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of anaerobic respiration?
A) It occurs in the absence of oxygen
B) It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration
C) It involves fermentation
D) It occurs in some bacteria and yeast
Answer: B) It produces more ATP than aerobic respiration

5. What is the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
A) It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
B) It is produced during glycolysis
C) It inhibits the citric acid cycle
D) It is used to form pyruvate
Answer: A) It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

6. Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis?
A) ATP
B) NADPH
C) Oxygen
D) Glucose
Answer: C) Oxygen

7. What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?
A) Protein synthesis
B) ATP production
C) Photosynthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: C) Photosynthesis

8. Which of the following is a characteristic of glycolysis?
A) It occurs in the mitochondria
B) It produces CO2
C) It converts glucose into pyruvate
D) It requires oxygen
Answer: C) It converts glucose into pyruvate

9. What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
A) Absorption of light energy
B) Conversion of CO2 into glucose
C) Production of ATP
D) Release of oxygen
Answer: B) Conversion of CO2 into glucose

10. Which of the following is NOT a step in the Calvin cycle?
A) Carbon fixation
B) Reduction
C) Glycolysis
D) Regeneration of RuBP
Answer: C) Glycolysis

11. What is the role of rubisco in photosynthesis?
A) Absorbing light energy
B) Fixing carbon dioxide
C) Producing oxygen
D) Synthesizing glucose
Answer: B) Fixing carbon dioxide

12. Which of the following is a product of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
A) Glucose
B) NADPH
C) RuBP
D) Rubisco
Answer: B) NADPH

13. What is the primary function of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts?
A) ATP production
B) Carbon fixation
C) Oxygen release
D) Light absorption
Answer: D) Light absorption

14. Which of the following is a characteristic of the pentose phosphate pathway?
A) It produces NADH
B) It converts glucose into pyruvate
C) It generates ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis
D) It occurs in the mitochondria
Answer: C) It generates ribose-5-phosphate for nucleotide synthesis

15. What is the role of lactate dehydrogenase in fermentation?
A) It converts pyruvate to lactate
B) It produces CO2
C) It generates ATP
D) It breaks down glucose
Answer: A) It converts pyruvate to lactate

16. Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid bilayer in cell membranes?
A) Energy production
B) Cell signaling
C) Structural support
D) Selective permeability
Answer: D) Selective permeability

17. What is the primary function of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
A) Production of ATP
B) Oxidation of glucose
C) Breakdown of ATP
D) Synthesis of glucose
Answer: A) Production of ATP

18. Which of the following is a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?
A) It requires energy input
B) It moves substances against their concentration gradient
C) It relies on carrier proteins
D) It occurs through simple diffusion
Answer: C) It relies on carrier proteins

19. What is the function of aquaporins in cells?
A) Facilitating the diffusion of water
B) Synthesizing ATP
C) Regulating enzyme activity
D) Transporting ions across membranes
Answer: A) Facilitating the diffusion of water

20. Which of the following is an example of an active transport process in cells?
A) Facilitated diffusion of glucose
B) Movement of potassium ions through ion channels
C) Osmosis
D) Simple diffusion of oxygen
Answer: B) Movement of potassium ions through ion channels

21. What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in cells?
A) Transporting sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell
B) Transporting potassium ions out of the cell and sodium ions into the cell
C) Maintaining osmotic balance
D) Facilitating diffusion of water
Answer: A) Transporting sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

22. Which of the following is a function of endocytosis in cells?
A) Excreting waste products
B) Importing large molecules or particles
C) Regulating cell volume
D) Synthesizing proteins
Answer: B) Importing large molecules or particles

23. What is the primary function of lysosomes in cells?
A) Energy production
B) Protein synthesis
C) Waste degradation
D) Lipid synthesis
Answer: C) Waste degradation

24. Which of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) in cells?
A) Protein synthesis
B) Lipid synthesis
C) Energy production
D) Ribosome assembly
Answer: B) Lipid synthesis

25. Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) DNA
Answer: D) DNA

26. What is the function of ribosomes in cells?
A) Energy production
B) Protein synthesis
C) Lipid synthesis
D) DNA replication
Answer: B) Protein synthesis

27. Which of the following is a function of nucleic acids in living organisms?
A) Energy storage
B) Cell structure
C) Information storage
D) Enzyme catalysis
Answer: C) Information storage

28. What is the primary function of the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration?
A) Production of ATP
B) Oxidation of glucose
C) Synthesis of glucose
D) Breakdown of fatty acids
Answer: A) Production of ATP

29. Which of the following is NOT a product of the light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis?
A) Oxygen
B) ATP
C) NADPH
D) Glucose
Answer: D) Glucose

30. What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
A) Absorbing sunlight
B) Producing ATP
C) Breaking down glucose
D) Synthesizing proteins
Answer: A) Absorbing sunlight

31. Which of the following is a function of the cell membrane?
A) Energy production
B) Cell structure
C) Cell signaling
D) Protein synthesis
Answer: C) Cell signaling

32. What is the primary function of the pentose phosphate pathway in cells?
A) ATP production
B) NADPH production and ribose synthesis
C) Glucose breakdown
D) Protein synthesis
Answer: B) NADPH production and ribose synthesis

33. Which of the following is NOT a function of water in biological systems?
A) Solvent for biochemical reactions
B) Temperature regulation
C) Energy storage
D) Support and structure
Answer: C) Energy storage

34. What is the role of insulin in glucose metabolism?
A) Stimulating glycogen breakdown
B) Inhibiting glucose uptake
C) Promoting glucose uptake
D) Enhancing lipid synthesis
Answer: C) Promoting glucose uptake

35. Which of the following is a characteristic of enzymes?
A) They are consumed in reactions
B) They lower activation energy
C) They are not specific to substrates
D) They are not affected by temperature or pH
Answer: B) They lower activation energy

36. What is the primary function of the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) in cellular respiration?
A) Production of glucose
B) Synthesis of fatty acids
C) Production of NADH and FADH2
D) Breakdown of proteins
Answer: C) Production of NADH and FADH2

37. Which of the following is a function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration?
A) Production of ATP
B) Breakdown of glucose
C) Conversion of pyruvate to lactate
D) Synthesis of ribosomes
Answer: A) Production of ATP

38. What is the role of ATP in cellular processes?
A) Energy carrier
B) Genetic information storage
C) Cell membrane structure
D) Enzyme function
Answer: A) Energy carrier

39. Which of the following is NOT a stage of cellular respiration?
A) Glycolysis
B) Citric acid cycle
C) Electron transport chain
D) Photosynthesis
Answer: D) Photosynthesis

40. What is the primary function of the mitochondrial matrix in cellular respiration?
A) Production of ATP
B) Oxidation of fatty acids
C) Krebs cycle reactions
D) Protein synthesis
Answer: C) Krebs cycle reactions

41. What is the role of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) in the Calvin cycle?
A) Fixing carbon dioxide
B) Producing glucose
C) Synthesizing ATP
D) Regenerating NADPH
Answer: A) Fixing carbon dioxide

42. Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose?
A) Glycolysis
B) Krebs cycle
C) Fermentation
D) Oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: D) Oxidative phosphorylation

43. What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis?
A) To produce ATP
B) To fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates
C) To release oxygen
D) To absorb light energy
Answer: B) To fix carbon dioxide into carbohydrates

44. Which of the following is a product of anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
A) Carbon dioxide
B) Ethanol
C) Lactic acid
D) Oxygen
Answer: C) Lactic acid

45. What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?
A) Energy carrier
B) Electron donor
C) Oxygen release
D) Carbon fixation
Answer: B) Electron donor

46. What is the function of the enzyme ATP synthase?
A) Hydrolyzing ATP
B) Synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
C) Transporting electrons
D) Breaking down glucose
Answer: B) Synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

47. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
A) Use of oxygen
B) Amount of ATP produced
C) Involvement of the electron transport chain
D) Production of CO2
Answer: A) Use of oxygen

48. Which of the following is NOT a stage of photosynthesis?
A) Light-dependent reactions
B) Calvin cycle
C) Glycolysis
D) Light-independent reactions
Answer: C) Glycolysis

49. What is the primary function of the electron transport chain in photosynthesis?
A) Absorbing light
B) Producing ATP and NADPH
C) Fixing carbon dioxide
D) Regenerating RuBP
Answer: B) Producing ATP and NADPH

50. Which of the following is a characteristic of cellular respiration?
A) It occurs in the chloroplasts
B) It converts light energy into chemical energy
C) It produces ATP through the oxidation of glucose
D) It involves the absorption of CO2 and release of O2
Answer: C) It produces ATP through the oxidation of glucose

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