- Who was the first President of Turkmenistan after the country gained independence in 1991?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- Which Turkmen leader is known for his long-term presidency and extensive personality cult?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- Who succeeded Saparmurat Niyazov as President of Turkmenistan in 2006?
- A. Meredov Serdar
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Who is the current President of Turkmenistan as of 2024?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- Under which President did Turkmenistan undergo significant reforms and economic development in the 2000s?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- Who was the Turkmen Prime Minister before Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow became President?
- A. Meredov Serdar
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Saparmurat Niyazov
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Which Turkmen leader is known for the “neutrality” policy in foreign relations?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- During whose presidency did Turkmenistan adopt the “State Program for Socio-Economic Development”?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Who was Turkmenistan’s Prime Minister from 2001 to 2006?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Under which President did Turkmenistan develop its natural gas industry significantly?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Who became President of Turkmenistan after the death of Saparmurat Niyazov in 2006?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Which leader has been known for extensive infrastructure projects in Turkmenistan?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Which President of Turkmenistan is known for the construction of new cities and monuments?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Saparmurat Niyazov
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Who served as the Prime Minister of Turkmenistan in the early 2000s?
- A. Saparmurat Niyazov
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Which leader’s presidency has been marked by efforts to improve healthcare and education in Turkmenistan?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Saparmurat Niyazov
- C. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Who was the first leader of Turkmenistan to be elected in a multi-candidate election?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Saparmurat Niyazov
- Which President has been known for promoting Turkmen culture and traditions in recent years?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Saparmurat Niyazov
- C. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Who became President of Turkmenistan as a result of a transition from a previous leader in 2006?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Saparmurat Niyazov
- Which Turkmen leader’s administration focused heavily on energy diplomacy and international partnerships?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Saparmurat Niyazov
- D. Meredov Serdar
- Who was the Prime Minister of Turkmenistan when the country’s first gas pipeline to China was inaugurated?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Under whose presidency was the “National Revival Program” introduced?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Meredov Serdar
- C. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- D. Saparmurat Niyazov
- Who was the President of Turkmenistan during the country’s 2017 constitutional reforms?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Meredov Serdar
- C. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Who served as the President of Turkmenistan after the death of Saparmurat Niyazov?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Which President’s term included efforts to diversify Turkmenistan’s economy beyond oil and gas?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Who was the Turkmen Prime Minister during the establishment of the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline project?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Which Turkmen leader is noted for his emphasis on agricultural reforms?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Who became President of Turkmenistan in 2022?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Who has been noted for their efforts to modernize Turkmenistan’s infrastructure, including roads and public buildings?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Under which President did Turkmenistan host its first international cultural festivals?
- A. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- B. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- C. Meredov Serdar
- D. Ata Serdarov
- Who has been the primary leader in shaping Turkmenistan’s foreign policy in recent years?
- A. Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov
- B. Meredov Serdar
- C. Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
- D. Ata Serdarov
| Prime Minister | Term(s) in Office | Key Contributions/Events |
| Niyazov Saparmurat | 1990–2006 | First President; established the foundations of the state. |
| Kurbanguly Berdymukhammedov | 2006–2017 | Successor to Niyazov; continued reforms and economic development. |
| Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow | 2007–2017 | Focused on modernization and economic diversification. |
| Meredov Serdar | 2021–Present | Current leader; involved in ongoing economic and political reforms. |