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1. What is the primary purpose of a physics laboratory?
(A) To perform theoretical calculations
(B) To write research papers
(C) To read textbooks
(D) To conduct experiments and verify physical principles

2. Which device is used to measure electric current?
(A) Voltmeter
(B) Ohmmeter
(C) Galvanometer
(D) Ammeter

3. What is the function of a spectrometer?
(A) To measure temperature
(B) To measure the spectrum of light
(C) To measure electrical resistance
(D) To measure pressure

4. Which instrument is used to measure mass?
(A) Stopwatch
(B) Balance scale
(C) Barometer
(D) Hygrometer

5. What is the unit of electric resistance?
(A) Volt
(B) Ohm
(C) Ampere
(D) Coulomb

6. What does a voltmeter measure?
(A) Electric current
(B) Electric resistance
(C) Electric charge
(D) Electric voltage

7. What type of lens is used in a microscope to magnify objects?
(A) Plano-concave lens
(B) Concave lens
(C) Cylindrical lens
(D) Convex lens

8. Which principle is used to measure the specific heat capacity of a substance?
(A) Newton's law of cooling
(B) Principle of calorimetry
(C) Law of conservation of mass
(D) Hooke's law

9. What does a barometer measure?
(A) Atmospheric pressure
(B) Temperature
(C) Humidity
(D) Wind speed

10. Which instrument is used to measure time intervals accurately?
(A) Calorimeter
(B) Thermometer
(C) Hygrometer
(D) Stopwatch

11. What is the use of an oscilloscope in a laboratory?
(A) To display and analyze the waveform of electronic signals
(B) To measure temperature
(C) To measure mass
(D) To measure pressure

12. What does the term “calibration” refer to in a physics lab?
(A) Measuring the weight of an object
(B) Measuring the density of a liquid
(C) Calculating the speed of light
(D) Adjusting and verifying the accuracy of an instrument

13. What is the principle behind a Michelson interferometer?
(A) Refraction of light
(B) Diffraction of light
(C) Interference of light
(D) Polarization of light

14. What does a potentiometer measure?
(A) Electric current
(B) Electric charge
(C) Voltage by comparison
(D) Electric power

15. What is a Vernier caliper used for?
(A) Measuring electrical resistance
(B) Measuring light intensity
(C) Measuring atmospheric pressure
(D) Measuring small lengths with high accuracy

16. Which of the following is a safety precaution in a physics lab?
(A) Wearing protective eyewear
(B) Eating and drinking in the lab
(C) Using equipment without instruction
(D) Leaving equipment unattended

17. What is the purpose of using a control in an experiment?
(A) To serve as a standard for comparison
(B) To accelerate the reaction
(C) To change the outcome of the experiment
(D) To measure the dependent variable

18. Which instrument measures magnetic field strength?
(A) Thermometer
(B) Barometer
(C) Ohmmeter
(D) Gaussmeter

19. What does a hygrometer measure?
(A) Temperature
(B) Humidity
(C) Atmospheric pressure
(D) Wind speed

20. Which method is used to measure the refractive index of a material?
(A) Young's double-slit experiment
(B) Snell's law
(C) Michelson interferometer
(D) Ohm's law

21. Which device is used to measure frequency?
(A) Voltmeter
(B) Frequency counter
(C) Ammeter
(D) Galvanometer

22. What is the function of a galvanometer?
(A) To measure electric voltage
(B) To detect and measure small electric currents
(C) To measure temperature
(D) To measure magnetic fields

23. What is Hooke’s law used to describe?
(A) The relationship between pressure and volume of a gas
(B) The relationship between force and extension in springs
(C) The relationship between current and voltage
(D) The relationship between speed and distance

24. What is the function of a calorimeter?
(A) To measure heat capacity
(B) To measure electric resistance
(C) To measure mass
(D) To measure sound intensity

25. Which device is used to measure the acceleration due to gravity?
(A) Spring balance
(B) Simple pendulum
(C) Barometer
(D) Spectrometer

26. What is an example of a scalar quantity?
(A) Velocity
(B) Temperature
(C) Acceleration
(D) Force

27. What is an example of a vector quantity?
(A) Displacement
(B) Mass
(C) Speed
(D) Energy

28. What does a micrometer screw gauge measure?
(A) Large distances
(B) Electric current
(C) Small lengths with high precision
(D) Light intensity

29. What is the purpose of a diffraction grating?
(A) To measure electric resistance
(B) To measure time intervals
(C) To measure atmospheric pressure
(D) To separate light into its component wavelengths

30. What does the term “least count” refer to in measurement?
(A) The highest value an instrument can measure
(B) The average value of measurements
(C) The smallest value that can be measured accurately
(D) The total range of an instrument

31. What is the role of a capacitor in a circuit?
(A) To measure electric current
(B) To increase resistance
(C) To convert AC to DC
(D) To store electrical energy

32. Which type of error is reduced by repeating measurements?
(A) Systematic error
(B) Calibration error
(C) Random error
(D) Parallax error

33. What is the unit of capacitance?
(A) Ohm
(B) Volt
(C) Ampere
(D) Farad

34. Which law describes the force between two charged objects?
(A) Hooke's law
(B) Ohm's law
(C) Coulomb's law
(D) Snell's law

35. What is the principle of superposition?
(A) The total displacement of a system is the sum of the individual displacements
(B) The total force is the difference between individual forces
(C) The total energy is the product of individual energies
(D) The total charge is zero

36. Which device converts mechanical energy into electrical energy?
(A) Motor
(B) Resistor
(C) Transformer
(D) Generator

37. What is the function of a transformer in a circuit?
(A) To increase or decrease voltage
(B) To store electrical energy
(C) To measure electric current
(D) To convert AC to DC

38. What does Snell’s law describe?
(A) The relationship between pressure and volume
(B) The relationship between force and extension
(C) The relationship between current and resistance
(D) The relationship between angle of incidence and refraction

39. Which instrument is used to measure luminous intensity?
(A) Photometer
(B) Barometer
(C) Voltmeter
(D) Ammeter

40. What does an anemometer measure?
(A) Temperature
(B) Humidity
(C) Wind speed
(D) Pressure

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