Cosmological Modeling — MCQs

1. Which model assumes the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales?
(A) Newtonian model
(B) Steady-State model
(C) Cosmological Principle
(D) Static Universe

2. Which metric forms the basis of most modern cosmological models?
(A) Lorentz metric
(B) Schwarzschild metric
(C) FRW metric
(D) Kerr metric

3. The steady-state theory was proposed by?
(A) Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold
(B) Einstein and de Sitter
(C) Friedmann and Lemaître
(D) Hubble and Slipher

4. The Big Bang model was strongly supported by the discovery of?
(A) Quasars
(B) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
(C) Dark Matter
(D) Dark Energy

5. Which equation governs the expansion of the universe in cosmology?
(A) Schrödinger Equation
(B) Friedmann Equation
(C) Maxwell’s Equations
(D) Dirac Equation

6. What does the ΛCDM model stand for?
(A) Lambda Cold Dark Matter
(B) Linear Cosmic Density Model
(C) Local Cold Dark Mass
(D) Large Cosmic Distance Model

7. The Hubble constant defines the relationship between?
(A) Mass and energy
(B) Distance and redshift
(C) Velocity and distance
(D) Time and curvature

8. Inflationary cosmology explains the universe’s?
(A) Dark matter distribution
(B) Homogeneity and flatness
(C) Black hole formation
(D) Galaxy collisions

9. Which parameter describes the geometry of the universe?
(A) Critical density
(B) Scale factor
(C) Cosmological constant
(D) Baryon density

10. A closed universe corresponds to which curvature?
(A) Zero curvature
(B) Positive curvature
(C) Negative curvature
(D) Random curvature

11. The age of the universe is approximately?
(A) 4.5 billion years
(B) 10 billion years
(C) 13.8 billion years
(D) 20 billion years

12. Dark energy is hypothesized to explain?
(A) Galaxy rotation curves
(B) Accelerated expansion of the universe
(C) Black hole evaporation
(D) Neutron star mergers

13. The deceleration parameter (q) measures?
(A) The rate of black hole growth
(B) The slowing or acceleration of cosmic expansion
(C) The density of galaxies
(D) The temperature of the CMB

14. Who first derived solutions showing an expanding universe?
(A) Friedmann
(B) Newton
(C) Kepler
(D) Hoyle

15. Which model suggests continuous creation of matter?
(A) Big Bang model
(B) Steady-State model
(C) Inflationary model
(D) Multiverse model

16. Which parameter represents the universe’s expansion factor?
(A) a(t)
(B) q(t)
(C) H(t)
(D) Ω(t)

17. What does Ω (Omega) represent in cosmology?
(A) Rate of time dilation
(B) Density parameter
(C) Galaxy distribution function
(D) Black hole mass function

18. The flat universe corresponds to Ω = ?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) < 1
19. The discovery of accelerating expansion was based on observations of?
(A) Pulsars
(B) Type Ia supernovae
(C) Quasars
(D) Globular clusters

20. Which cosmological model is currently most accepted?
(A) Steady-State model
(B) Oscillating model
(C) ΛCDM model
(D) Static universe

21. The scale factor a(t) = 0 corresponds to?
(A) Heat death
(B) Big Bang singularity
(C) Maximum expansion
(D) Steady-State condition

22. Cosmic inflation was first proposed by?
(A) Stephen Hawking
(B) Alan Guth
(C) Fred Hoyle
(D) George Gamow

23. Which term in the Friedmann equation represents dark energy?
(A) Hubble term
(B) Scale factor
(C) Cosmological constant (Λ)
(D) Curvature term

24. The observable universe radius is roughly?
(A) 1 billion light-years
(B) 10 billion light-years
(C) 46 billion light-years
(D) 100 billion light-years

25. The cosmological constant was originally introduced by?
(A) Newton
(B) Einstein
(C) Hubble
(D) Friedmann

26. The cosmic microwave background radiation has a temperature of about?
(A) 0 K
(B) 2.7 K
(C) 10 K
(D) 300 K

27. The flatness problem in cosmology is solved by?
(A) Dark matter
(B) Inflation theory
(C) Steady-State theory
(D) String theory

28. The horizon problem is explained by?
(A) Black holes
(B) Cosmic inflation
(C) Cosmic strings
(D) Dark energy

29. In the ΛCDM model, the majority of the universe consists of?
(A) Stars
(B) Dark matter and dark energy
(C) Normal baryonic matter
(D) Neutrinos

30. The critical density is the density required for the universe to be?
(A) Closed
(B) Flat
(C) Open
(D) Oscillating

31. Which observational law relates redshift to distance?
(A) Newton’s law
(B) Kepler’s law
(C) Hubble’s law
(D) Ohm’s law

32. The term “heat death” refers to?
(A) Collapse of a star
(B) Maximum entropy state of the universe
(C) Cooling of black holes
(D) End of nuclear fusion

33. Which component dominates the present universe’s energy density?
(A) Radiation
(B) Matter
(C) Dark energy
(D) Neutrinos

34. Which epoch occurred first in the universe’s history?
(A) Recombination
(B) Inflation
(C) Galaxy formation
(D) Nucleosynthesis

35. The cosmic scale factor a(t) describes?
(A) Evolution of time
(B) Expansion of space
(C) Energy density of matter
(D) Speed of light variation

36. A universe with negative curvature is called?
(A) Closed universe
(B) Flat universe
(C) Open universe
(D) Static universe

37. The matter-dominated era followed the?
(A) Radiation-dominated era
(B) Dark energy-dominated era
(C) Inflation era
(D) Recombination era

38. The “cosmological redshift” arises due to?
(A) Doppler effect
(B) Expansion of space
(C) Gravitational time dilation
(D) Motion of galaxies only

39. Which particles decoupled first in the early universe?
(A) Neutrinos
(B) Photons
(C) Protons
(D) Electrons

40. The cosmic microwave background was released during?
(A) Nucleosynthesis
(B) Recombination
(C) Inflation
(D) Dark energy domination

41. Which scientist proposed the “oscillating universe” model?
(A) Tolman
(B) Hubble
(C) Dirac
(D) Einstein

42. The density parameter Ω < 1 corresponds to?
(A) Closed universe
(B) Open universe
(C) Flat universe
(D) Static universe

43. The “cosmic coincidence problem” relates to?
(A) Similar abundance of hydrogen and helium
(B) Comparable present-day densities of matter and dark energy
(C) Origin of black holes
(D) Existence of quasars

44. In cosmology, baryon acoustic oscillations are used to measure?
(A) Dark matter density
(B) Expansion rate of the universe
(C) Mass of black holes
(D) Strength of gravity

45. The term “dark matter” was introduced by?
(A) Edwin Hubble
(B) Fritz Zwicky
(C) Albert Einstein
(D) Vera Rubin

46. Which force dominated during cosmic inflation?
(A) Electromagnetic
(B) Strong nuclear
(C) Gravity with vacuum energy
(D) Weak nuclear

47. The concept of “multiverse” is often linked to?
(A) Black hole thermodynamics
(B) Eternal inflation
(C) Quantum tunneling
(D) Holographic principle

48. Which cosmological test involves angular sizes of distant galaxies?
(A) Redshift test
(B) Time dilation test
(C) Angular diameter test
(D) Luminosity distance test

49. The Big Crunch refers to?
(A) Sudden reheating after inflation
(B) Collapse of the universe back to a singularity
(C) Merger of galaxy clusters
(D) Birth of quasars

50. The “cosmic jerk parameter” measures?
(A) Rate of star formation
(B) Change in acceleration of cosmic expansion
(C) Fluctuations in CMB
(D) Variation in dark matter density