Animal Host-Pathogen Interactions MCQS

1. Which term describes a relationship between a host organism and a pathogen where the pathogen causes harm to the host? A) Mutualism B) Parasitism C) Commensalism D) Synergism Answer: B) Parasitism 2. What is the term for a substance produced by a pathogen that triggers an immune response in the host? A) Antibody B) Toxin C) Antigen D) Enzyme Answer: C) Antigen 3. Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies by B cells? A) Cell-mediated immunity B) Innate immunity C) Humoral immunity D) Adaptive immunity Answer: C) Humoral immunity 4. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, what does the term “virulence” refer to? A) Ability of a pathogen to cause disease B) Ability of a host to resist infection C) Ability of a pathogen to replicate rapidly D) Ability of a host to mount an immune response Answer: A) Ability of a pathogen to cause disease 5. Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne pathogen? A) Influenza virus B) Salmonella bacteria C) Malaria parasite D) HIV virus Answer: C) Malaria parasite 6. Which component of the immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens and is non-specific in nature? A) T cells B) B cells C) Skin and mucous membranes D) Antibodies Answer: C) Skin and mucous membranes 7. What is the term for the process by which a pathogen enters a host and establishes an infection? A) Inflammation B) Colonization C) Immunity D) Hematopoiesis Answer: B) Colonization 8. Which type of pathogen causes diseases such as athlete’s foot and ringworm? A) Bacteria B) Fungi C) Viruses D) Protozoa Answer: B) Fungi 9. What is the role of interferons in the immune response to viral infections? A) They stimulate the production of antibodies B) They inhibit viral replication within host cells C) They promote inflammation at the site of infection D) They activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells Answer: B) They inhibit viral replication within host cells 10. Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen? A) Streptococcus pneumoniae B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis C) Candida albicans D) Plasmodium falciparum Answer: C) Candida albicans 11. What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to evade the immune system and persist within the host? A) Immunosuppression B) Antigenicity C) Pathogenicity D) Immune evasion Answer: D) Immune evasion 12. Which type of immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another? A) Active immunity B) Passive immunity C) Cell-mediated immunity D) Humoral immunity Answer: B) Passive immunity 13. What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response to pathogens? A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis of pathogens C) Killing of infected host cells D) Activation of B cells Answer: C) Killing of infected host cells 14. Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic pathogen? A) Influenza virus B) Escherichia coli C) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) D) Salmonella bacteria Answer: A) Influenza virus 15. Which type of immune response is characterized by the activation of cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells? A) Cell-mediated immunity B) Humoral immunity C) Innate immunity D) Adaptive immunity Answer: A) Cell-mediated immunity 16. What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune response to pathogens? A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis of pathogens C) Killing of infected host cells D) Activation of T cells Answer: B) Phagocytosis of pathogens 17. Which of the following is an example of a protozoan pathogen? A) Salmonella typhimurium B) Human papillomavirus (HPV) C) Plasmodium falciparum D) Clostridium botulinum Answer: C) Plasmodium falciparum 18. What is the term for the process by which pathogens are engulfed and destroyed by immune cells? A) Inflammation B) Phagocytosis C) Opsonization D) Cytolysis Answer: B) Phagocytosis 19. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial pathogen? A) Hepatitis C virus B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis C) Candida albicans D) Plasmodium falciparum Answer: B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 20. What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response to pathogens? A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis of pathogens C) Killing of infected host cells D) Activation of B cells Answer: C) Killing of infected host cells 21. Which of the following is an example of a viral pathogen? A) Escherichia coli B) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) C) Candida albicans D) Plasmodium falciparum Answer: B) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 22. What is the term for the protective proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens? A) Antibodies B) Antigens C) Toxins D) Enzymes Answer: A) Antibodies 23. Which type of immune response is present at birth and provides immediate, non-specific protection against pathogens? A) Cell-mediated immunity B) Humoral immunity C) Innate immunity D) Adaptive immunity Answer: C) Innate immunity 24. What is the primary function of helper T cells in the immune response to pathogens? A) Production of antibodies B) Phagocytosis of pathogens C) Killing of infected host cells D) Activation of other immune cells Answer: D) Activation of other immune cells 25. What is the term for the study of interactions between animals and disease-causing organisms? A) Pathogenic ecology B) Host-pathogen dynamics C) Parasitological studies D) Epidemiology Answer: B) Host-pathogen dynamics 26. Which of the following is NOT a type of host-pathogen interaction? A) Mutualistic B) Commensalistic C) Parasitic D) Intraparasitic Answer: B) Commensalistic 27. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, what is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease in a host? A) Virulence B) Resistance C) Infectivity D) Pathogenicity Answer: D) Pathogenicity 28. Which of the following factors can influence the outcome of host-pathogen interactions? A) Genetic variability B) Environmental conditions C) Immune response D) All of the above Answer: D) All of the above 29. What is the term for the ability of a host to resist infection by a pathogen? A) Immunity B) Susceptibility C) Resistance D) Tolerance Answer: C) Resistance 30. Which of the following is an example of a direct mode of transmission of pathogens between hosts? A) Vector-borne transmission B) Airborne transmission C) Fecal-oral transmission D) Vertical transmission Answer: C) Fecal-oral transmission 31. What is the term for the process by which a pathogen enters a host and establishes infection? A) Colonization B) Inoculation C) Transmission D) Invasion Answer: D) Invasion 32. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which pathogens evade the host immune system? A) Antigen masking B) Antigen presentation C) Molecular mimicry D) Immune suppression Answer: B) Antigen presentation 33. What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause severe disease and death in a host population? A) Virulence B) Lethality C) Pathogenicity D) Mortality Answer: A) Virulence 34. Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic pathogen? A) Salmonella enterica B) Escherichia coli C) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) D) Plasmodium falciparum Answer: A) Salmonella enterica 35. What is the term for the period between pathogen entry into a host and the onset of symptoms? A) Incubation period B) Latent period C) Acute phase D) Chronic phase Answer: A) Incubation period 36. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier that prevents pathogen entry into a host? A) Mucous membranes B) Antibodies C) Interferons D) Complement proteins Answer: A) Mucous membranes 37. What is the term for the process by which pathogens replicate and spread within a host? A) Colonization B) Dissemination C) Transmission D) Proliferation Answer: D) Proliferation 38. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which pathogens cause damage to host tissues? A) Toxin production B) Immune evasion C) Direct cell invasion D) Inflammation Answer: B) Immune evasion 39. What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to infect a wide range of host species? A) Host specificity B) Host tropism C) Host adaptation D) Host promiscuity Answer: D) Host promiscuity 40. Which of the following is an example of an indirect mode of transmission of pathogens between hosts? A) Droplet transmission B) Sexual transmission C) Fomite transmission D) Vertical transmission Answer: C) Fomite transmission 41. What is the term for the study of the frequency and distribution of diseases in populations? A) Epidemiology B) Pathogenesis C) Immunology D) Virology Answer: A) Epidemiology 42. Which of the following is an example of an intracellular pathogen? A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis B) Streptococcus pyogenes C) Staphylococcus aureus D) Clostridium botulinum Answer: A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis 43. What is the term for the process by which pathogens are eliminated from a host? A) Clearance B) Excretion C) Resolution D) Evasion Answer: A) Clearance 44. Which of the following is NOT a component of the host immune response to pathogen invasion? A) Antibody production B) Cytokine release C) Phagocytosis D) Toxin secretion Answer: D) Toxin secretion