1. Which term describes a relationship between a host organism and a pathogen where the pathogen causes harm to the host?
A) Mutualism
B) Parasitism
C) Commensalism
D) Synergism
Answer: B) Parasitism
2. What is the term for a substance produced by a pathogen that triggers an immune response in the host?
A) Antibody
B) Toxin
C) Antigen
D) Enzyme
Answer: C) Antigen
3. Which type of immune response is characterized by the production of antibodies by B cells?
A) Cell-mediated immunity
B) Innate immunity
C) Humoral immunity
D) Adaptive immunity
Answer: C) Humoral immunity
4. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, what does the term “virulence” refer to?
A) Ability of a pathogen to cause disease
B) Ability of a host to resist infection
C) Ability of a pathogen to replicate rapidly
D) Ability of a host to mount an immune response
Answer: A) Ability of a pathogen to cause disease
5. Which of the following is an example of a vector-borne pathogen?
A) Influenza virus
B) Salmonella bacteria
C) Malaria parasite
D) HIV virus
Answer: C) Malaria parasite
6. Which component of the immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogens and is non-specific in nature?
A) T cells
B) B cells
C) Skin and mucous membranes
D) Antibodies
Answer: C) Skin and mucous membranes
7. What is the term for the process by which a pathogen enters a host and establishes an infection?
A) Inflammation
B) Colonization
C) Immunity
D) Hematopoiesis
Answer: B) Colonization
8. Which type of pathogen causes diseases such as athlete’s foot and ringworm?
A) Bacteria
B) Fungi
C) Viruses
D) Protozoa
Answer: B) Fungi
9. What is the role of interferons in the immune response to viral infections?
A) They stimulate the production of antibodies
B) They inhibit viral replication within host cells
C) They promote inflammation at the site of infection
D) They activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells
Answer: B) They inhibit viral replication within host cells
10. Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic pathogen?
A) Streptococcus pneumoniae
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C) Candida albicans
D) Plasmodium falciparum
Answer: C) Candida albicans
11. What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to evade the immune system and persist within the host?
A) Immunosuppression
B) Antigenicity
C) Pathogenicity
D) Immune evasion
Answer: D) Immune evasion
12. Which type of immunity is acquired through the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another?
A) Active immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Cell-mediated immunity
D) Humoral immunity
Answer: B) Passive immunity
13. What is the primary function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response to pathogens?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Killing of infected host cells
D) Activation of B cells
Answer: C) Killing of infected host cells
14. Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic pathogen?
A) Influenza virus
B) Escherichia coli
C) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
D) Salmonella bacteria
Answer: A) Influenza virus
15. Which type of immune response is characterized by the activation of cytotoxic T cells to kill infected cells?
A) Cell-mediated immunity
B) Humoral immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Adaptive immunity
Answer: A) Cell-mediated immunity
16. What is the primary function of macrophages in the immune response to pathogens?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Killing of infected host cells
D) Activation of T cells
Answer: B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
17. Which of the following is an example of a protozoan pathogen?
A) Salmonella typhimurium
B) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
C) Plasmodium falciparum
D) Clostridium botulinum
Answer: C) Plasmodium falciparum
18. What is the term for the process by which pathogens are engulfed and destroyed by immune cells?
A) Inflammation
B) Phagocytosis
C) Opsonization
D) Cytolysis
Answer: B) Phagocytosis
19. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial pathogen?
A) Hepatitis C virus
B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C) Candida albicans
D) Plasmodium falciparum
Answer: B) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
20. What is the role of natural killer (NK) cells in the immune response to pathogens?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Killing of infected host cells
D) Activation of B cells
Answer: C) Killing of infected host cells
21. Which of the following is an example of a viral pathogen?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
C) Candida albicans
D) Plasmodium falciparum
Answer: B) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
22. What is the term for the protective proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens?
A) Antibodies
B) Antigens
C) Toxins
D) Enzymes
Answer: A) Antibodies
23. Which type of immune response is present at birth and provides immediate, non-specific protection against pathogens?
A) Cell-mediated immunity
B) Humoral immunity
C) Innate immunity
D) Adaptive immunity
Answer: C) Innate immunity
24. What is the primary function of helper T cells in the immune response to pathogens?
A) Production of antibodies
B) Phagocytosis of pathogens
C) Killing of infected host cells
D) Activation of other immune cells
Answer: D) Activation of other immune cells
25. What is the term for the study of interactions between animals and disease-causing organisms?
A) Pathogenic ecology
B) Host-pathogen dynamics
C) Parasitological studies
D) Epidemiology
Answer: B) Host-pathogen dynamics
26. Which of the following is NOT a type of host-pathogen interaction?
A) Mutualistic
B) Commensalistic
C) Parasitic
D) Intraparasitic
Answer: B) Commensalistic
27. In the context of host-pathogen interactions, what is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause disease in a host?
A) Virulence
B) Resistance
C) Infectivity
D) Pathogenicity
Answer: D) Pathogenicity
28. Which of the following factors can influence the outcome of host-pathogen interactions?
A) Genetic variability
B) Environmental conditions
C) Immune response
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
29. What is the term for the ability of a host to resist infection by a pathogen?
A) Immunity
B) Susceptibility
C) Resistance
D) Tolerance
Answer: C) Resistance
30. Which of the following is an example of a direct mode of transmission of pathogens between hosts?
A) Vector-borne transmission
B) Airborne transmission
C) Fecal-oral transmission
D) Vertical transmission
Answer: C) Fecal-oral transmission
31. What is the term for the process by which a pathogen enters a host and establishes infection?
A) Colonization
B) Inoculation
C) Transmission
D) Invasion
Answer: D) Invasion
32. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which pathogens evade the host immune system?
A) Antigen masking
B) Antigen presentation
C) Molecular mimicry
D) Immune suppression
Answer: B) Antigen presentation
33. What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to cause severe disease and death in a host population?
A) Virulence
B) Lethality
C) Pathogenicity
D) Mortality
Answer: A) Virulence
34. Which of the following is an example of a zoonotic pathogen?
A) Salmonella enterica
B) Escherichia coli
C) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
D) Plasmodium falciparum
Answer: A) Salmonella enterica
35. What is the term for the period between pathogen entry into a host and the onset of symptoms?
A) Incubation period
B) Latent period
C) Acute phase
D) Chronic phase
Answer: A) Incubation period
36. Which of the following is an example of a physical barrier that prevents pathogen entry into a host?
A) Mucous membranes
B) Antibodies
C) Interferons
D) Complement proteins
Answer: A) Mucous membranes
37. What is the term for the process by which pathogens replicate and spread within a host?
A) Colonization
B) Dissemination
C) Transmission
D) Proliferation
Answer: D) Proliferation
38. Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which pathogens cause damage to host tissues?
A) Toxin production
B) Immune evasion
C) Direct cell invasion
D) Inflammation
Answer: B) Immune evasion
39. What is the term for the ability of a pathogen to infect a wide range of host species?
A) Host specificity
B) Host tropism
C) Host adaptation
D) Host promiscuity
Answer: D) Host promiscuity
40. Which of the following is an example of an indirect mode of transmission of pathogens between hosts?
A) Droplet transmission
B) Sexual transmission
C) Fomite transmission
D) Vertical transmission
Answer: C) Fomite transmission
41. What is the term for the study of the frequency and distribution of diseases in populations?
A) Epidemiology
B) Pathogenesis
C) Immunology
D) Virology
Answer: A) Epidemiology
42. Which of the following is an example of an intracellular pathogen?
A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B) Streptococcus pyogenes
C) Staphylococcus aureus
D) Clostridium botulinum
Answer: A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
43. What is the term for the process by which pathogens are eliminated from a host?
A) Clearance
B) Excretion
C) Resolution
D) Evasion
Answer: A) Clearance
44. Which of the following is NOT a component of the host immune response to pathogen invasion?
A) Antibody production
B) Cytokine release
C) Phagocytosis
D) Toxin secretion
Answer: D) Toxin secretion