1. What is the process called when rocks break down into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition?
A) Erosion
B) Weathering
C) Sedimentation
D) Metamorphism
Answer: B) Weathering
2. The Earth’s outermost layer is called the:
A) Mantle
B) Crust
C) Lithosphere
D) Asthenosphere
Answer: B) Crust
3. Which of the following is the largest ocean on Earth?
A) Atlantic Ocean
B) Indian Ocean
C) Arctic Ocean
D) Pacific Ocean
Answer: D) Pacific Ocean
4. What term describes the boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other?
A) Convergent boundary
B) Divergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone
Answer: B) Divergent boundary
5. The theory that explains the movement of the Earth’s plates is known as:
A) Plate tectonics
B) Continental drift
C) Seafloor spreading
D) Geosyncline theory
Answer: A) Plate tectonics
6. The process by which sediment is carried away from its source is known as:
A) Erosion
B) Deposition
C) Lithification
D) Compaction
Answer: A) Erosion
7. Which type of volcano is characterized by a broad, gently sloping cone?
A) Stratovolcano
B) Shield volcano
C) Cinder cone volcano
D) Lava dome
Answer: B) Shield volcano
8. The Earth’s core is primarily composed of which elements?
A) Iron and nickel
B) Silicon and oxygen
C) Aluminum and magnesium
D) Calcium and potassium
Answer: A) Iron and nickel
9. The highest mountain peak in the world is:
A) K2
B) Kangchenjunga
C) Mount Everest
D) Makalu
Answer: C) Mount Everest
10. Which river is the longest in the world?
A) Nile River
B) Amazon River
C) Yangtze River
D) Mississippi River
Answer: B) Amazon River
11. What is the term for a large body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land?
A) Gulf
B) Bay
C) Sea
D) Strait
Answer: C) Sea
12. The process of glaciers carving out U-shaped valleys is known as:
A) Glacial erosion
B) Fluvial erosion
C) Aeolian erosion
D) Coastal erosion
Answer: A) Glacial erosion
13. The term “savanna” refers to a:
A) Desert biome
B) Tropical grassland
C) Temperate forest
D) Tundra biome
Answer: B) Tropical grassland
14. Which of the following is a primary factor in determining climate?
A) Latitude
B) Longitude
C) Altitude
D) Both A and C
Answer: D) Both A and C
15. What is the process called when rocks and soil are transported by wind, water, or ice?
A) Erosion
B) Sedimentation
C) Weathering
D) Deposition
Answer: A) Erosion
16. Which layer of the Earth’s atmosphere is closest to the surface and contains most of the atmospheric mass?
A) Stratosphere
B) Mesosphere
C) Thermosphere
D) Troposphere
Answer: D) Troposphere
17. What is the name of the phenomenon where cold, dense air moves down from a high-pressure area to a low-pressure area?
A) Cyclone
B) Anticyclone
C) Monsoon
D) Trade wind
Answer: B) Anticyclone
18. The Ring of Fire is known for its:
A) Earthquakes
B) Volcanoes
C) Tsunamis
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
19. What type of rock is formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava?
A) Sedimentary rock
B) Metamorphic rock
C) Igneous rock
D) Composite rock
Answer: C) Igneous rock
20. A biome characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost is called:
A) Tundra
B) Desert
C) Rainforest
D) Grassland
Answer: A) Tundra
21. The term “alluvial fan” refers to:
A) A type of mountain
B) A fan-shaped deposit of sediment
C) A type of volcanic eruption
D) A type of glacier
Answer: B) A fan-shaped deposit of sediment
22. The process by which a river or stream forms a new channel is known as:
A) Meandering
B) Avulsion
C) Delta formation
D) Erosion
Answer: B) Avulsion
23. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of karst topography?
A) Glacial valleys
B) Volcanic craters
C) Sinkholes
D) Alluvial plains
Answer: C) Sinkholes
24. The “Ozone Layer” is located in which atmospheric layer?
A) Troposphere
B) Stratosphere
C) Mesosphere
D) Thermosphere
Answer: B) Stratosphere
25. What is the name of the boundary between two tectonic plates that slide past each other horizontally?
A) Convergent boundary
B) Divergent boundary
C) Transform boundary
D) Subduction zone
Answer: C) Transform boundary
26. Which desert is the largest in the world?
A) Sahara Desert
B) Arabian Desert
C) Gobi Desert
D) Kalahari Desert
Answer: A) Sahara Desert
27. The phenomenon where warm ocean waters influence weather patterns is known as:
A) La Niña
B) El Niño
C) Monsoon
D) Cyclone
Answer: B) El Niño
28. The “Greenhouse Effect” refers to:
A) The cooling of Earth’s surface
B) The warming of Earth’s atmosphere
C) The absorption of solar radiation by the ocean
D) The reflection of sunlight by polar ice
Answer: B) The warming of Earth’s atmosphere
29. Which of the following is NOT a type of plate boundary?
A) Divergent
B) Convergent
C) Transform
D) Transcurrent
Answer: D) Transcurrent
30. The process of soil formation is influenced by:
A) Parent material
B) Climate
C) Topography
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
31. Which mountain range runs along the border between the United States and Canada?
A) The Andes
B) The Rockies
C) The Alps
D) The Pyrenees
Answer: B) The Rockies
32. The term “delta” refers to:
A) A mountain peak
B) A flat, low-lying area where a river meets a body of water
C) An elevated ridge formed by tectonic activity
D) A type of sand dune
Answer: B) A flat, low-lying area where a river meets a body of water
33. The Great Barrier Reef is located off the coast of which country?
A) Australia
B) Brazil
C) Indonesia
D) South Africa
Answer: A) Australia
34. The term “isthmus” refers to:
A) A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses
B) A large, flat area of land
C) A deep underwater trench
D) A large, elevated plateau
Answer: A) A narrow strip of land connecting two larger land masses
35. Which of the following is a major river in Africa?
A) Mississippi River
B) Yangtze River
C) Nile River
D) Danube River
Answer: C) Nile River
36. The “Ring of Fire” is associated with which geological activity?
A) Earthquakes
B) Volcanic eruptions
C) Tsunamis
D) Both A and B
Answer: D) Both A and B
37. Which type of glacier is found in mountainous regions and flows down valleys?
A) Continental glacier
B) Tidewater glacier
C) Alpine glacier
D) Cirque glacier
Answer: C) Alpine glacier
38. The “Geoid” refers to:
A) The shape of the Earth
B) A type of ocean current
C) A geological time period
D) The boundary of tectonic plates
Answer: A) The shape of the Earth
39. The “Great Rift Valley” is located in which part of the world?
A) South America
B) North America
C) Africa
D) Asia
Answer: C) Africa
40. The term “biome” refers to:
A) A type of rock
B) A large geographic area with similar climate and ecosystems
C) A tectonic plate boundary
D) A type of river
Answer: B) A large geographic area with similar climate and ecosystems
41. The term “austral” refers to:
A) The northern hemisphere
B) The southern hemisphere
C) The eastern hemisphere
D) The western hemisphere
Answer: B) The southern hemisphere
42. The term “habitat” refers to:
A) The role of an organism in its environment
B) The physical place where an organism lives
C) The food chain of an ecosystem
D) The climate of a region
Answer: B) The physical place where an organism lives
43. Which of the following is a feature of a temperate forest?
A) High temperatures year-round
B) Seasonal changes in temperature
C) Constant humidity
D) Limited biodiversity
Answer: B) Seasonal changes in temperature
44. Which process describes the conversion of solid water (ice) directly into water vapor?
A) Melting
B) Evaporation
C) Sublimation
D) Freezing
Answer: C) Sublimation
45. The “hydrosphere” refers to:
A) The solid part of the Earth
B) The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth
C) All the water on Earth
D) The biological component of the Earth
Answer: C) All the water on Earth
46. Which layer of the Earth is responsible for the majority of its geological activity?
A) Crust
B) Mantle
C) Outer core
D) Inner core
Answer: B) Mantle
47. The process of converting liquid water into water vapor is known as:
A) Precipitation
B) Evaporation
C) Condensation
D) Sublimation
Answer: B) Evaporation
48. The term “microclimate” refers to:
A) A large climate region
B) The climate of a specific small area
C) The climate of a continent
D) The average climate of a country
Answer: B) The climate of a specific small area
49. The term “ecosystem” refers to:
A) A large area of similar climate
B) A community of living organisms and their environment
C) A type of biome
D) A geological feature
Answer: B) A community of living organisms and their environment
50. Which of the following biomes is characterized by very low temperatures and permafrost?
A) Desert
B) Tundra
C) Savanna
D) Temperate forest
Answer: B) Tundra