1. Which of the following is not a domain of life?
a) Eukarya
b) Bacteria
c) Archaea
d) Fungi
Answer: d) Fungi
2. What is the primary function of a bacterial capsule?
a) Energy production
b) Protection from desiccation
c) Nutrient storage
d) DNA replication
Answer: b) Protection from desiccation
3. Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium?
a) Escherichia coli
b) Staphylococcus aureus
c) Salmonella enterica
d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Answer: b) Staphylococcus aureus
4. What is the term for a virus that infects bacteria?
a) Retrovirus
b) Bacteriophage
c) Prion
d) Viroid
Answer: b) Bacteriophage
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?
a) Unicellular prokaryotes
b) Photosynthetic
c) Chitin cell walls
d) Lack of cell walls
Answer: c) Chitin cell walls
6. What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipid synthesis
c) Packaging and processing of proteins
d) ATP production
Answer: c) Packaging and processing of proteins
7. Which organelle is responsible for cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?
a) Nucleus
b) Ribosome
c) Mitochondrion
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: c) Mitochondrion
8. What is the primary mode of transmission for influenza virus?
a) Direct contact
b) Airborne droplets
c) Foodborne
d) Vector-borne
Answer: b) Airborne droplets
9. Which of the following is a Gram-negative bacterium?
a) Streptococcus pyogenes
b) Bacillus subtilis
c) Escherichia coli
d) Clostridium difficile
Answer: c) Escherichia coli
10. What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Lipid synthesis
d) DNA replication
Answer: b) Protein synthesis
11. Which of the following is a fungal infection?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Malaria
c) Candidiasis
d) Tetanus
Answer: c) Candidiasis
12. What is the primary mode of action of antibiotics targeting bacterial cells?
a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
b) Disruption of mitochondrial function
c) Inhibition of protein synthesis
d) Activation of viral replication
Answer: a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
13. Which of the following is an example of a protozoan parasite?
a) Plasmodium falciparum
b) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c) Streptococcus pneumoniae
d) Escherichia coli
Answer: a) Plasmodium falciparum
14. What is the primary function of the lysosome in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Cellular digestion and waste removal
d) DNA replication
Answer: c) Cellular digestion and waste removal
15. Which of the following is a vector-borne disease?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Malaria
c) Influenza
d) Tetanus
Answer: b) Malaria
16. What is the function of the ribosome in cells?
a) Energy production
b) Lipid synthesis
c) Protein synthesis
d) Cellular respiration
Answer: c) Protein synthesis
17. Which of the following is an example of a viral disease?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Malaria
c) Influenza
d) Tetanus
Answer: c) Influenza
18. What is the primary role of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Storage and regulation of genetic material
d) Lipid synthesis
Answer: c) Storage and regulation of genetic material
19. What is the primary function of the cell wall in bacteria?
a) Regulation of cell shape
b) Energy production
c) Protection from osmotic stress
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: c) Protection from osmotic stress
20. Which of the following is an example of a helminthic infection?
a) Giardiasis
b) Toxoplasmosis
c) Ascariasis
d) Malaria
Answer: c) Ascariasis
21. What is the function of the plasmid in bacterial cells?
a) Cellular respiration
b) Genetic exchange and antibiotic resistance
c) Protein synthesis
d) DNA replication
Answer: b) Genetic exchange and antibiotic resistance
22. Which of the following is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with urinary tract infections?
a) Streptococcus pyogenes
b) Escherichia coli
c) Bacillus subtilis
d) Clostridium difficile
Answer: b) Escherichia coli
23. What is the primary mode of transmission for Clostridium tetani?
a) Direct contact
b) Airborne droplets
c) Foodborne
d) Vector-borne
Answer: a) Direct contact
24. Which of the following is an example of a fungal pathogen that affects the skin?
a) Candida albicans
b) Trichophyton rubrum
c) Plasmodium falciparum
d) Trypanosoma cruzi
Answer: b) Trichophyton rubrum
25. What is the primary function of the flagellum in bacterial cells?
a) Energy production
b) Cellular respiration
c) Motility
d) DNA replication
Answer: c) Motility
26. Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly associated with pneumonia?
a) Escherichia coli
b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
c) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Answer: b) Streptococcus pneumoniae
27. What is the function of the cilia in eukaryotic cells?
a) Cellular respiration
b) Protein synthesis
c) Motility and movement of substances
d) Energy production
Answer: c) Motility and movement of substances
28. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial toxin?
a) Botulinum toxin
b) Plasmodium toxin
c) Trypanosome toxin
d) Aspergillus toxin
Answer: a) Botulinum toxin
29. What is the primary function of the vacuole in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Storage of water and nutrients
c) Protein synthesis
d) Cellular respiration
Answer: b) Storage of water and nutrients
30. Which of the following is a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with gastrointestinal infections?
a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Escherichia coli
c) Streptococcus pyogenes
d) Bacillus subtilis
Answer: b) Escherichia coli
31. What is the primary mode of action of antifungal medications?
a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
b) Disruption of mitochondrial function
c) Inhibition of protein synthesis
d) Activation of viral replication
Answer: a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
32. Which of the following is an example of a viral vector used in gene therapy?
a) Adenovirus
b) Streptococcus
c) Escherichia coli
d) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Answer: a) Adenovirus
33. What is the primary function of the pilus in bacterial cells?
a) Energy production
b) DNA replication
c) Attachment and conjugation
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: c) Attachment and conjugation
34. Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly associated with food poisoning?
a) Escherichia coli
b) Clostridium botulinum
c) Salmonella enterica
d) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Answer: b) Clostridium botulinum
35. What is the function of the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Cellular respiration and energy production
c) Storage of genetic material
d) Lipid synthesis
Answer: b) Cellular respiration and energy production
36. Which of the following is an example of a fungal infection affecting the lungs?
a) Candidiasis
b) Aspergillosis
c) Giardiasis
d) Malaria
Answer: b) Aspergillosis
37. What is the primary function of the chloroplast in plant cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Photosynthesis
d) Cellular respiration
Answer: c) Photosynthesis
38. What is the primary function of endospores in bacterial cells?
a) Reproduction
b) Protection during harsh conditions
c) Energy production
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Protection during harsh conditions
39. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated water?
a) Tuberculosis
b) Lyme disease
c) Cholera
d) Influenza
Answer: c) Cholera
40. What is the primary mode of transmission for hepatitis B virus?
a) Airborne droplets
b) Bloodborne
c) Foodborne
d) Vector-borne
Answer: b) Bloodborne
41. Which of the following is a Gram-positive bacterium commonly associated with acne?
a) Propionibacterium acnes
b) Escherichia coli
c) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
d) Streptococcus pyogenes
Answer: a) Propionibacterium acnes
42. What is the primary function of the peroxisome in eukaryotic cells?
a) Protein synthesis
b) Lipid synthesis
c) Detoxification and metabolism of hydrogen peroxide
d) Cellular respiration
Answer: c) Detoxification and metabolism of hydrogen peroxide
43. Which of the following is an example of a helminthic infection affecting the intestines?
a) Malaria
b) Schistosomiasis
c) Giardiasis
d) Toxoplasmosis
Answer: b) Schistosomiasis
44. What is the primary function of the cell membrane in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protection from environmental factors
c) Cellular respiration
d) Protein synthesis
Answer: b) Protection from environmental factors
45. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial infection commonly transmitted through respiratory droplets?
a) Tetanus
b) Tuberculosis
c) Malaria
d) Cholera
Answer: b) Tuberculosis
46. What is the primary mode of action of antiviral medications?
a) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
b) Disruption of mitochondrial function
c) Inhibition of viral replication
d) Activation of immune response
Answer: c) Inhibition of viral replication
47. Which of the following is an example of a fungal infection affecting the nails?
a) Candidiasis
b) Ringworm
c) Aspergillosis
d) Malaria
Answer: b) Ringworm
48. What is the primary function of the nucleolus in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Storage of genetic material
d) Ribosome assembly
Answer: d) Ribosome assembly
49. Which of the following is an example of a Gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with respiratory infections?
a) Staphylococcus aureus
b) Escherichia coli
c) Haemophilus influenzae
d) Clostridium difficile
Answer: c) Haemophilus influenzae
50. What is the primary function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Cell division
c) Structural support and cell movement
d) DNA replication
Answer: c) Structural support and cell movement
51. Which of the following is an example of a viral infection transmitted through sexual contact?
a) Hepatitis A
b) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
c) Influenza
d) Measles
Answer: b) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
52. What is the primary function of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protein synthesis
c) Cellular transport and secretion
d) DNA replication
Answer: c) Cellular transport and secretion
53. Which of the following is an example of a bacterial infection commonly transmitted through contaminated food?
a) Tetanus
b) Salmonella
c) Malaria
d) Cholera
Answer: b) Salmonella
54. What is the primary function of the cell wall in plant cells?
a) Energy production
b) Protection and structural support
c) Protein synthesis
d) Cellular respiration
Answer: b) Protection and structural support
55. Which of the following is an example of a protozoan parasite causing gastrointestinal illness?
a) Giardia lamblia
b) Candida albicans
c) Aspergillus fumigatus
d) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Answer: a) Giardia lamblia
56. What is the primary function of the centrosome in eukaryotic cells?
a) Energy production
b) Cell division and organization of microtubules
c) Protein synthesis
d) DNA replication
Answer: b) Cell division and organization of microtubules
57. What is the primary function of the thylakoid membrane in plant cells?
a) Energy production
b) Cellular respiration
c) Photosynthesis
d) DNA replication
Answer: c) Photosynthesis
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