1. Who is known as the father of modern physics? a) Isaac Newton b) Albert Einstein c) Niels Bohr d) James Clerk Maxwell Answer: b) Albert Einstein 2. What is the rest mass of a photon? a) 0 b) 1 kg c) 9.1 × 10^-31 kg d) 1.6 × 10^-27 kg Answer: a) 0 3. Which equation represents the energy-mass equivalence? a) E = mc^2 b) E = hf c) F = ma d) pV = nRT Answer: a) E = mc^2 4. What phenomenon demonstrates the particle nature of light? a) Interference b) Diffraction c) Photoelectric effect d) Refraction Answer: c) Photoelectric effect 5. Who formulated the uncertainty principle? a) Albert Einstein b) Niels Bohr c) Werner Heisenberg d) Max Planck Answer: c) Werner Heisenberg 6. What does the Schrödinger equation describe? a) The energy levels of electrons in an atom b) The uncertainty in position and momentum c) The probability distribution of a particle’s wave function d) The behavior of photons Answer: c) The probability distribution of a particle’s wave function 7. What is the dual nature of particles as described by quantum mechanics? a) They exhibit both wave and particle properties b) They exhibit only wave properties c) They exhibit only particle properties d) They do not exhibit wave or particle properties Answer: a) They exhibit both wave and particle properties 8. What is the significance of Planck’s constant? a) It is a fundamental constant in thermodynamics b) It relates the energy of a photon to its frequency c) It describes the force between electric charges d) It is a constant in gravitational equations Answer: b) It relates the energy of a photon to its frequency 9. What is the value of Planck’s constant (h)? a) 6.63 × 10^-34 J·s b) 9.81 m/s^2 c) 1.6 × 10^-19 C d) 3 × 10^8 m/s Answer: a) 6.63 × 10^-34 J·s 10. What is the main postulate of special relativity? a) The speed of light is constant in all inertial frames b) Energy is conserved in a closed system c) Mass and energy are equivalent d) Every action has an equal and opposite reaction Answer: a) The speed of light is constant in all inertial frames 11. Who proposed the model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets around the sun? a) J.J. Thomson b) Ernest Rutherford c) Niels Bohr d) James Chadwick Answer: c) Niels Bohr 12. What is a quantum of electromagnetic radiation called? a) Electron b) Proton c) Neutron d) Photon Answer: d) Photon 13. Which experiment demonstrated the wave nature of electrons? a) Rutherford gold foil experiment b) Photoelectric effect experiment c) Double-slit experiment d) Millikan oil drop experiment Answer: c) Double-slit experiment 14. What is the principle behind lasers? a) Stimulated emission of radiation b) Spontaneous emission of radiation c) Absorption of radiation d) Reflection of radiation Answer: a) Stimulated emission of radiation 15. What is the term for the smallest possible packet of energy? a) Electron b) Photon c) Quantum d) Neutrino Answer: c) Quantum 16. What does the Pauli exclusion principle state? a) Electrons occupy the lowest available energy state b) No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers c) Electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly first d) Electrons orbit the nucleus in circular paths Answer: b) No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers 17. What is antimatter? a) Matter composed of antiparticles b) Matter with opposite charge but same mass as regular particles c) Matter that annihilates with regular matter to produce energy d) All of the above Answer: d) All of the above 18. What are quarks? a) Fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons b) Particles that mediate the electromagnetic force c) Particles that carry the gravitational force d) Particles that exist only in antimatter Answer: a) Fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons 19. What is a positron? a) The antiparticle of the electron b) The antiparticle of the proton c) A type of neutrino d) A type of quark Answer: a) The antiparticle of the electron 20. What is the name given to the theoretical particles that mediate the strong nuclear force? a) Gluons b) Photons c) Gravitons d) W and Z bosons Answer: a) Gluons 21. What does the term “quantized” mean in modern physics? a) Continuous and smooth changes b) Discrete and specific values c) Infinite range of values d) Random and unpredictable values Answer: b) Discrete and specific values 22. Which principle explains the dual nature of light and matter? a) Bohr’s theory b) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle c) De Broglie hypothesis d) Schrödinger’s wave equation Answer: c) De Broglie hypothesis 23. What are the allowed energy levels of an electron in an atom called? a) Orbits b) Orbitals c) Energy shells d) Quantum states Answer: d) Quantum states 24. What does the term “wavefunction” describe in quantum mechanics? a) The position of a particle b) The probability amplitude of a particle’s position and momentum c) The speed of a particle d) The energy of a particle Answer: b) The probability amplitude of a particle’s position and momentum 25. What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle? a) The principle that energy levels are quantized b) The principle that the exact position and momentum of a particle cannot both be known simultaneously c) The principle that electrons occupy discrete energy levels d) The principle that particles exhibit both wave and particle properties Answer: b) The exact position and momentum of a particle cannot both be known simultaneously 26. What does the term “superposition” mean in quantum mechanics? a) A particle exists in multiple states simultaneously b) A particle is always in a single state c) A particle has zero energy d) A particle is in its ground state Answer: a) A particle exists in multiple states simultaneously 27. What is the name of the hypothetical particle that mediates the force of gravity? a) Graviton b) Photon c) Gluon d) Neutrino Answer: a) Graviton 28. What is a neutrino? a) A neutral particle with very small mass b) A positively charged particle c) A negatively charged particle d) A particle that mediates the weak force Answer: a) A neutral particle with very small mass 29. What does the term “black body radiation” refer to? a) Radiation emitted by a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation b) Radiation emitted by a black hole c) Radiation emitted by a neutron star d) Radiation emitted by charged particles Answer: a) Radiation emitted by a perfect emitter and absorber of radiation 30. What is the speed of light in a vacuum? a) 3 × 10^6 m/s b) 3 × 10^8 m/s c) 3 × 10^10 m/s d) 3 × 10^12 m/s Answer: b) 3 × 10^8 m/s 31. What is the significance of the Compton effect? a) It demonstrated the wave nature of electrons b) It confirmed the particle nature of light c) It proved the existence of the neutron d) It demonstrated the wave-particle duality of light Answer: b) It confirmed the particle nature of light 32. What is the role of a particle accelerator? a) To slow down particles b) To accelerate particles to high speeds c) To produce sound waves d) To generate electricity Answer: b) To accelerate particles to high speeds 33. What is pair production? a) The creation of a particle and its antiparticle from energy b) The fusion of two particles into one c) The splitting of a particle into two d) The annihilation of a particle with its antiparticle Answer: a) The creation of a particle and its antiparticle from energy 34. What is a quantum state? a) A specific configuration of a system’s properties b) A type of particle c) The speed of a particle d) The mass of a particle Answer: a) A specific configuration of a system’s properties 35. What is the concept of “quantum entanglement”? a) Particles are separated but still instantaneously affect each other b) Particles are bound together by gravity c) Particles are merged into a single entity d) Particles have independent states Answer: a) Particles are separated but still instantaneously affect each other 36. What does the term “decoherence” refer to in quantum mechanics? a) The transition from a quantum state to a classical state b) The creation of new particles c) The interaction between particles d) The conservation of energy Answer: a) The transition from a quantum state to a classical state 37. What is the significance of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider)? a) It studies the behavior of electrons b) It discovers new fundamental particles and forces c) It measures gravitational waves d) It observes cosmic rays Answer: b) It discovers new fundamental particles and forces 38. What does the term “wave-particle duality” mean? a) Particles can only exhibit wave properties b) Particles can exhibit both wave and particle properties c) Waves can only exhibit particle properties d) Waves and particles are completely unrelated Answer: b) Particles can exhibit both wave and particle properties 39. What does the term “quantum tunneling” refer to? a) The ability of particles to pass through barriers they classically shouldn’t be able to b) The emission of photons from excited atoms c) The interaction between matter and antimatter d) The absorption of radiation by matter Answer: a) The ability of particles to pass through barriers they classically shouldn’t be able to 40. Who is known for the development of quantum mechanics? a) Albert Einstein b) Niels Bohr c) Max Planck d) Richard Feynman Answer: c) Max Planck 41. What is the concept of “quantum superposition”? a) A system exists in all possible states simultaneously until measured b) A system is always in a single state c) A system’s state is random and unpredictable d) A system has no defined state Answer: a) A system exists in all possible states simultaneously until measured 42. What is the Heisenberg uncertainty principle related to? a) Energy and time b) Position and momentum c) Charge and mass d) Energy and mass Answer: b) Position and momentum 43. What are “quantum dots”? a) Small semiconductor particles that emit light b) Small particles that mediate forces c) Large particles used in particle accelerators d) Small particles that absorb radiation Answer: a) Small semiconductor particles that emit light 44. What does the term “quantum entanglement” imply for particles? a) Particles can be instantaneously connected regardless of distance b) Particles can only interact through physical contact c) Particles have random and independent behaviors d) Particles can exist in only one state at a time Answer: a) Particles can be instantaneously connected regardless of distance 45. What is the “quantum of action” known as? a) Planck’s constant b) Boltzmann constant c) Avogadro constant d) Stefan-Boltzmann constant Answer: a) Planck’s constant 46. What principle explains why an electron does not spiral into the nucleus? a) Heisenberg uncertainty principle b) Pauli exclusion principle c) Schrödinger’s equation d) Bohr’s model Answer: d) Bohr’s model 47. What is the significance of the photoelectric effect? a) It demonstrates that light can behave as particles b) It shows that electrons can be absorbed by photons c) It indicates that particles have no mass d) It proves that light is a wave Answer: a) It demonstrates that light can behave as particles 48. What does the “principle of complementarity” state? a) Different experiments can show different aspects of a particle b) Particles cannot be measured accurately c) Energy and momentum are always conserved d) Particles cannot exhibit wave properties Answer: a) Different experiments can show different aspects of a particle 49. What phenomenon is described by the term “quantum decoherence”? a) The loss of quantum coherence in a system due to interaction with the environment b) The creation of new quantum states c) The absorption of quantum particles d) The generation of quantum entanglement Answer: a) The loss of quantum coherence in a system due to interaction with the environment 50. What is the role of the Higgs boson in particle physics? a) It provides mass to other fundamental particles b) It mediates the strong force c) It is the antiparticle of the electron d) It carries gravitational force Answer: a) It provides mass to other fundamental particles

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